Category:P2P Accounting
This section monitors new metrics, evaluation and accounting methods that are appropriate for a collaborative, peer to peer economy.
The necessary Value Revolution strives to re-integrate both social and environmental externalities, currently neglected in the dominant system, into our production, valuing and measurement systems.
Key theme: how do we evolve towars "relations of open reciprocity, communal sharing, gift-giving and voluntary collaboration allowed value to circulate in its unalienated forms, including labor power, political expression and interspecies ecological exchanges". [1]
Key Concepts: Unalienated Value ; Generative Justice
Key introductory publications
- Key document on valuing positive social contributions: Value in the Commons Economy, our report on the transition in value regime, by Michel Bauwens and Vasilis Niaros. This study was updated in: P2P Accounting for Planetary Survival.
- Key document on valuing the negative environmental impacts, see the overview essay: Tools for Measuring Corporate Impact on Ecosystems
Contextual Citation
The moment we stop optimizing the digital economy for the growth of capital, and optimize it for the circulation of value between people, everything will start to get better really fast.
- Douglas Rushkoff [2]
In the next economic system, “value” will mean the health of the planet, not numbers on a balance sheet….
- John Thackara
"What’s going on today is more than a few accounting oversights here and there. The distance between today’s industrial systems and truly sustainable industrial systems — systems that do not spend down stored natural capital but instead integrate into current energy and material flows — is not one of degree, but one of kind. What’s needed is not just better accounting but a new global industrial system, a new way of providing for human wellbeing, and fast."
- David Roberts [3]
"Accumulation requires measuring value. This measure is necessary since it makes functionally possible the distribution of surplus generated by the development of productive factors. On this key point, the theoretical debate has been structured around a twofold identification of a theory of value based on labour, on the one hand, and a theory of value based on utility, on the other."
- Cristina Morini and Andrea Fumagalli [4]
(MB: Please note that the recommended book, Capital as Power rejects the above dual choice, and proposes a third alternative.)
Introductory Resources
- the crucial starting point: James Quilligan on Carrying Capacity as a Basis for Political and Economic Self-Governance.
- see the work of the Assembly of the Commons in Lille, to define the: Six Characteristics to Define Commons-Oriented Entities. as well as their work on Contributive Commons as Tools for Reciprocity
- the most important ecosystem accounting system in the world: the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism used by Senplades in Ecuador.
- For the most advanced p2p Value Accounting System, see Sensorica's Open Value Network. Watch these videos for an introduction: Tiberius Brastaviceanu on the Scalable Peer Economics of the Sensorica Open Value Accounting Network; or read: Tiberius Brastaviceanu on Why We Need a Open Value Accounting System. More about the software
- Video, for the historical, present and future context of the transition in value regime, listen to the podcast: Michel Bauwens on Shifting From an Extractive Value Regime To a Regenerative Value Regime
- Video: Christian Felber on the Common Welfare Economy; a metrics system to measure the common welfare contribution of every market entity.
- Sustainable Community Indicators: "Of the expanding “family” of alternative wealth measures, sustainable community indicators are probably the most comprehensive expression of qualitative wealth and community development generally. At their best, they synthesize a range of quantitative and qualitative data, including people’s subjective preferences." [5]
- the most advanced work on keeping the activities of the corporate sovereigns within the bounds of Carrying Capacity is the work of the Sustainability Context Group on Sustainability Context
Key Projects Monitored by P2P Foundation
- The Economy for the Common Good, integrated common good accounting with 17 clusters to peer judge generative companies
- The Reporting 3.0 for biophysical accountability
Quotes
"Capitals most often represent resource pools that exist in – and hence are borrowed from – The Commons."
- SustyContextGroup [6]
"There is a way to more equally distribute wealth and transfer value. We can easily build technology to account for, assign, and distribute value as it’s created. Value distribution is coming — it’s just a matter of time."
- Chelsea Rustrum: [7]
"We are reluctant to cede all econo‐metrics to the Capitalocene. If we are to build post‐capitalist urban resilience, we need tools to track inputs and outputs of money, labour, care, and conviviality. In a moment of transition, in which new metrics are not yet in place, monetized calculation is a way to create “membranes” to capture value from the dominant system, that we can filter and use in a different way."
- Katherine Gibson et al. [8]
Criteria for Post-Capitalist Value Accounting
We must "unpick the connection between markets, prices, and profit. We want markets, for they are the immediate alternative to both authoritarian decree from above and the black hole of infinite collective deliberation. And we need prices: items registered on a ledger need some quantified units. But we do not want exclusive reference to profits as the motivation or the underlier of units of measure; at least not capitalist-defined profits. (We envision an economy that generates and distributes ‘surpluses’, but we cede the term ‘profit’ to the capitalist lexicon.) A rejection of profits, and prices calculated according to profitability, is a critical condition for thinking value differently: that is, being able to value quantitatively according to the intentional, economically-encoded ethical values of a network. We do not want to focus on the capitalist discourse of ‘externalities’ that trigger state levies and bounties to incorporate social priorities; we want those priorities to be encoded and expressed in the measurement of output value; we want to be able to reveal production for the commons as value creating by its provider, and without the state being that provider (or funder). The key here is how things get ‘recognised’ by the network (that is, reported, accounted for, and calculated), for that determines what gets recorded in the ledger – what constitutes an asset and a liability. A point of emphasis, therefore, is accounting as communication: a transmission of information across the network that both depicts the current state of the network and places each agent within the network view. A different accounting grammar lets you count as the network determines; not as capital determines. This network can produce, attribute value, and reproduce by its own, chosen criteria."
- Dick Bryan [9]
To Enclose Is To Make Invisible
"The transition from commons to enclosure entails making a world a Terra Nullius, a “no man's land”. The lifeworlds, the social fabrics, the webs of community made invisible, illegible through the economics of capture. To call out theft not only on a moral but economic level, we have to nurture the networked sense organ which sees planetary state and thus makes its value legible without collapsing it into yet another regime of enclosure. This is a fundamental challenge of legibility. Engaging this challenge begins with bearing witness to the living world we are within. To resist enclosure we must see and attest to a world replete with stories, niches, identities and rituals as anything but empty, or null. To bear witness, is to fundamentally combat the core hypothesis of enclosure which presumes we make productive and profitable what was previously nothing at all, and in so doing counteract willful structural ignorance."
- Austin Wade Smith [10]
The Axiological Turn Towards Commons-Based Value
"The axiological turn is about giving primacy to the ‘true value’ that emanates from life and nourishes life. The true sources of value are all in commons form. Life itself is a commons, perhaps the most fundamental of them all after the cosmos. Life is a unity emerging out of a web of diversity. It is dynamic and in constant motion, cyclical yet self-enduring and self-flourishing, if its boundaries are not transgressed and if its capacities to thrive are not undermined, especially ironically in the name of ‘value’!"
- S.A. Hamed and Barry K. Gils [11]
It is measurements that shape our world
"Despite appearances, the majority of our global challenges revolve around measurement infrastructures. For example, the recent economic crisis was largely the result of inadequate and deceptive econometric practices (e.g., the ratings applied to collateralized debt obligations), while the ecological crisis continues to revolve around disputes over, and innovations in, measurement (e.g., calculations of global temperature changes). Measurement infrastructures function to generate (and impose) a shared understanding of the world, and in so doing literally create realities; whether these realties are true, good, and beautiful is another matter. Measures and their related standards also facilitate complexly coordinated social actions and set the terms by which a wide range of evaluative judgments are made, from those about the self (bathroom scale; IQ) to those about whole countries (GDP). Recent decades have brought a rapid proliferation of measurement infrastructures and related forms of standardization, which impact the most intimate details of our lives and the most significant planetary initiatives. A metatheoretical approach is needed that can expose the false realities created by inadequate and oppressive measurement practices as well as inform the creation of new approaches to the representation of complex global realities."
- Zachary Stein [12]
“Measurements, including practices such as zooming in or examining something with a probe, don’t just happen (in the abstract) they require specific measurement apparatuses. Measurements are agential practices, which are not simply revelatory but performative: they help constitute and are a constitutive part of what is being measured. In other words, measurements are intra-actions (not interactions): the agencies of observation are inseparable from that which is observed. Measurements are world-making: matter and meaning do not preexist, but rather are co-constituted via measurement intra-actions.”
- Karen Barad, The measure of Nothingness) [13]
What we need to measure first of all: Carrying Capacity
From James Quilligan on Carrying Capacity as a Basis for Political and Economic Self-Governance:1.
1.
"No major civilization has EVER practiced carrying capacity as a basis for political and economic self-governance; carrying capacity has only succeeded in small communities. Of course, we know this from the modern Ostrom view of the commons; but Ostrom never put her finger on the pulse of carrying capacity as the *self-organizing principle between a species and its environment*. Nor has the commons movement recognized the importance of an *empirical way of measuring the metabolism of society* through the cooperative activities of people using resources to meet their biological needs. In other words, Ostrom and the commons movement have yet to define the dynamic equilibrium which they seek as the balance between two opposing forces - population and resources - which continually counteract each other. Instead, the commons movement is more focused on counteracting the Market and the State than on measuring the replenishment of renewable and non-renewable resources and managing them to sustain their yield. In short, the commons movement does not seem to be producing alternative indicators for the productive and provisioning which can be used to guide policy. ... (We must) ... establishes empirical targets that will bring down exponential growth to arithmetic growth levels; and thus organizing society according to the dynamic equilibrium between population and the availability of food, water and energy. ... If we don't know how to develop evidence-based policy for a soft landing toward a reasonable level of subsistence -- and I've seen very little of this in the commons movement -- then I don't know how we expect to create a long-term system for meeting human needs through sustainable yields. I would hope that the commons movement begins to create the basis for a viable new society by actually focusing on the optimum rate at which a resource can be harvested or used without damaging its ability to replenish itself."
- James Quilligan, Fb, August 2017
2.
"Just as the US took the world off the gold standard and the world went from fixed to floating exchange rates, the Limits to Growth report was published. No one realized at the time that the planetary limits of non-renewable resources which were only then beginning to be identified by mainframe computers would now have have no possible direct bearing on a money supply backed by fixed reserve assets under the new regime, because the international monetary system was now deregulated (which kicked off the era of neo-liberalism, the supplanting of monetary policy by finance and a complete political denial of planetary limits). This shift in monetary policy expressed, in true post-modern fashion, that "all values are relative", systemically delinking the world's socio-economic institutions from the natural world and encouraging the massive consumer credit rampage for the fire sale of the world's resources since then. It is time now to establish a structural link between planetary limits and monetary value which supplants price signals with monetary signals, in order that currency value directly expresses the carrying capacity between the available non-renewable resources and the needs of an ever-increasing population. In short, today's free-floating currency value must become fixed once again, this time with an entirely new anchor: non-renewables, probably including gold." (https://www.facebook.com/groups/322508360006/permalink/10159755244420007/?)
GDP is Sexist: The value of non-market household work
"When the GDP was developed in the early 20th century, caregiving and raising children were considered women’s work, not worthy of inclusion in the metrics comprising the score. As Riane Eisler, president of the Center for Partnership Studies and author of The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics, notes, “Studies show that if caregiving work were included, it would constitute between 30% and 50% of the reported GDP.”
This “household” or “nonmarket” product—which beyond caregiving activities includes cooking, gardening, and housework according to a 2012 report—is not only economically significant but, if measured, could improve women’s lives (or the men who do equivalent tasks). Were the GDP to be updated in 2018 to recognize that women globally provide these essential undervalued services, metrics would likely change to better incorporate the fundamental activities that underpin traditional economic measures. As the report states in its findings, “Home production reduces measured income in equality.”
But society has chosen not to update this outdated metric. And as a result, the GDP is sexist. Plain and simple. It’s time to upgrade the system to galvanize “household production”—and the women who provide the majority of it—as something worthy of measure."
- John C. Havens: [14]
On the Value Revolution that is taking place
"Under the radar of mass media and mainstream academia, a value revolution is taking place that is promising to transform humanity’s very notions of wealth and economic development. Expressed in an explosion of both traditional academic indicators and innovative new quality-of-life and sustainability measures, this value revolution is not simply revealing previously invisible “full costs” of production, but also “redefining progress” more positively—from quantity to quality. Economically, our ways of growing and distributing food, providing & using energy, building buildings, making and exchanging clothing, etc. are being reexamined not only to reduce their negative impacts, but also to more fully express their social and ecological potentials. They are geared not simply to the sustainability of communities and ecosystems, but to their regeneration—to make economic development, as eco-architect Bill McDonough would say, “not just less bad, but good.”
- Brian Milani [15]
On Measurement and Power
"The history of measurement has been a history in which the privileged and empowered have been the creators and institutionalizers, while the oppressed and powerless have had no choice but to use their master’s tools and definitions of reality (Kula, 1986; Scott, 1998). This is a pattern that continues to this day, perhaps best exemplified by current trends in educational “reform,” where in the United States, billionaires who never set foot in a public school growing up, and who send their own children to private schools, swayed federal legislation toward the creation of a vast technologically intensive testing infrastructures that now dominates the entire public school system (Ravitch, 2014). New tests and measures are being forced upon teachers; if they do not use them they can be fired. Educators are being disempowered, deskilled, and rendered without voice when it comes to some of the most essential aspect of their professional practice, i.e., assessment drives curriculum and pedagogy. Meanwhile for-profit industries are poised to make billions off the privatization of one of the oldest and most inspiring public institutions in American history."
- Zachary Stein [16]
Tiberius Brastaviceanu on Open Value Accounting Systems
"We need to make the distinction between co-creation of value and value exchange. These are two important processes but very distinct ones. Sensoricans are working hard to solve the value accounting problem, which is meant to support large scale co-creation of value. The value accounting is a way to capture individual contributions that blend into a unique product, to evaluate these contributions, and to compute equity in the end product, a % for every member.
NOTE the value accounting system is NOT a system that objectifies value and it is not a bean counting system! It is a contract, a method to which all contributors adhere to reassure every contributor about how the future revenue will be redistributed. That's it! It preserves the subjective nature of value, it can take, in theory, into consideration all types of value, tangible and intangible.
Once the product is made it is exchanged, and this is where you need currencies, or systems of value exchange.
Again, value accounting for co-creation of value and value exchange are two different things in my mind. These two systems must interact with each other, but we need to see them as separate. One is designed to manage the amalgamation of value from different agents into one product, the other one is designed to facilitate value exchange between different agents, with no value added in the process."
Tom Walker on the need for a new Social Accounting system for the Labor Commons
"What I proposed in "Time on the Ledger" is a social accounting framework for evaluating the net social productivity of different hours of work arrangements. The basic idea is that first, there are fixed social cost to labor that are not reflected in capitalist accounting and the way that employers can shed their labor costs by laying off workers and second, there is a technologically-determined optimal length of working time per worker exceeding which subtracts from net social product over the longer period. The information from this process can guide collective bargaining and public policy advocacy while at the same time inculcating a commons mentality in practitioners. It is not enough to translate back and forth between capitalist accounting perspective and a commons ideal. One must become fluent in a new social accounting language." (http://ecologicalheadstand.blogspot.ca/2013/02/the-new-charter-of-industrial-freedom.html)
What the token economy can do for accounting value
"Innovation of measurement in the crypto economy may actually hold the key to the measurement problems in the more established capital markets. The problem in the conventional markets is that they are being asked to measure things that don’t readily fit into the conventional accounting categories. But the crypto economy is not shackled by those conventional categories, and so can develop the devices to ‘measure the unmeasurable’. ... Could we think of a thresholding, a binding, an accounting system — a token valuation system — in which organizations operating within ECSA (the so called “economic spaces”, our version of 21st century modes of economic association) nominate the performance criteria by which they want their assets and output to be valued: ways that will specifically address the contributions of intangible capital and immaterial labour, so that social contribution can be recorded in ways that best befit those contributions?" "
- Dick Bryan [17]
Natural Capital
"‘For the management of renewable resources there are two obvious principles of sustainable development. First that harvest rates should equal regeneration rates (sustained yields). Second that waste emission rates should equal the natural assimilative capacities of the ecosystems into which the wastes are emitted. Regenerative and assimilative capacities must be treated as natural capital, and failure to maintain these capacities must be treated as capital consumption, and therefore not sustainable.’"
- Mathis Wackernagel [18]
Key Resources
- Read this first: James Quilligan: Why Biocapacity Accountability Needs To Replace Disembodied Supply and Demand Pricing
Key Articles
Policy
- Who Will Pay Back the Earth? Revaluing Net Energy through the Sustainable Yield of Regional Ecosystems. By James Quilligan. Global Perspectives (2024) 5 (1): 122343. [19]
Considerations on Commons-Based Value
Values and Currencies in Peer Production
- Measuring Value in the Commons-Based Ecosystem: Bridging the Gap Between the Commons and the Market. By Primavera De Filippi and Samer Hassan. MoneyLab Reader, 2014 [20]
- Pearce, J.M. (2015) Quantifying the Value of Open Source Hardware Development. Modern Economy, 6, 1-11. doi: 10.4236/me.2015.61001. open access
- De Filippi, P. (2014). Translating Commons-based Peer Production Values into Metrics: towards Commons--based Crypto-Currencies, in Lee Kuo Chen D. (ed.), The Handbook of Cryptocurrency. Elsevier
Social Ledgers for Labor as a Common-Pool Resource
Tom Walker:
- Social Accounting for the Good Society, http://www.scribd.com/doc/44657733/Time-on-the-Ledger-Social-Accounting-for-the-Good-Society
- the implications and the background of the analysis of labor-power as a common-pool resource, http://commonsandeconomics.org/groups/stream-2-labor-and-care/forum/topic/labour-power-as-a-common-pool-resource/
- Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer. Creating Shared Value. Harvard Business Review, 2011 [21]: “creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges
The potential of universal open ledgers (Blockchain / Holochain)
- Cooperative game theory and accounting the cooperative surplus
- Commons-Oriented Decentralised Programmed Organisations, i.e. cDPOs "are frameworks to bootstrap, develop & sustain commons projects"., aka, the commons-oriented version of DAO's. More info in the article: Programmed Decentralised Commons Production. [22]
The Resources, Events, Agents (REA) model and Open Value Networks
- Key articles: https://msu.edu/user/mccarth4
- Django-REA project documentation by Bob Haugen: https://github.com/django-rea/rea-app/wiki#background-info
Miscellaneous
- Michael Gurstein: On the Failure to Measure the Contributions of the Internet Economy
- A New Way of Measuring Openness: The Open Governance Index. Liz Laffan. TIM Review, January 2012 [23]. A way to measure the degree of real Peer Governance of any project (particularly for Open Source Software companies).
- Introduction to the Eight Forms of Capital
- 1) Post-modern Measurement and The Hyper-Measured Self. 2) Sacred Measures and Measures of Pure Abstraction: A Socio-Political History of Quantitative Objectivity. By ZACHARY STEIN
Key Books
- Hosseini, S A Hamed; Gills, Barry K. (2024) : Capital Redefined: A Commonist Value Theory for Liberating Life, Rethinking Globalizations/ Routledge, 2024 [24]
- The Ethical Economy. Rebuilding Value After the Crisis. By Adam Arvidsson and Nicolai Peitersen. Columbia University Press, 2013
- Capitalism without Capital. The Rise of the Intangible Economy. Jonathan Haskel & Stian Westlake. Princeton University Press, 2017: "why governments need to count innovation as an engine of profit." [25]
Historical Context
- Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value. By David Graeber.
- The Institutional Revolution: Measurement and the Economic Emergence of the Modern World. By DOUGLAS W. ALLEN. University of Chicago Press, 2011 [26]
- James Aho's The Religious, Moral and Rhetorical Roots of Modern Accounting [27]
- Rob Bryer's Accounting and Control of the Labour Process [28]
Key Policies
- The Inclusive Value Ledger, proposed by NY Assemblyman Ron Kim - (The American Prospect https://t.co/oPnasI3VgL) - is the first contribution-based public accounting scheme I have heard of; therefore a paramount and pivotal commons-based policy proposal
- Who Will Pay Back the Earth? Revaluing Net Energy through the Sustainable Yield of Regional Ecosystems. By James Quilligan. Global Perspectives (2024) 5 (1): 122343. [29]
Key Reports
- Value in the Commons Economy: Developments in Open and Contributory Value Accounting. By Michel Bauwens and Vasilis Niaros. Heinrich Boll Foundation, 2016. [30]
- Re-imagining Value: Insights from the Care Economy, Commons, Cyberspace and Nature. By David Bollier. Commons Strategies Group in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation and David Graeber. March 2017.
- Whitepaper: From Monocapitalism to Multicapitalism: 21st Century System Value Creation. By Bill Baue. R3.0, 2020 [32]
Key Statistics
- 90% of for-profit companies use unreliable accounting (from 72% in 2008); read more in: Dangerous Dynamics of Capitalism's Futuristic Accounting ((from static to IFRS’ futuristic accounting). [33]
- Measuring Urban Metabolism or the Metabolism of Cities: see Online Material Flow Analysis Tool
Statistical Evidence for the Contributory Value Crisis
One of the key hypotheses of the P2P Foundation and P2P Theory is that the exponential rise of unpaid intangible value creation creates a value crises in a capitalist society. Here is a corroborating statistic that this value crisis is indeed occuring:
"Research productivity is declining at a rate of about 6.8 per cent per year in the semiconductor industry. In other words, we’re running out of ideas. That’s the conclusion of economic researchers from Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Innovation. They reckon that in order to maintain Moore’s Law – by which transistor density doubles every two years or so – it now takes 18 times as many scientists as it did in the 1970s. That means each researcher’s output today is 18 times less effective in terms of generating economic value than it was several decades ago.
Thus we have the position where the new leading sectors are increasingly investing in intangibles while investment overall falls along with productivity and profitability. Marx’s law of profitability is not modified but intensified.
The rise of intangibles means the increased concentration and centralisation of capital."
- Michael Roberts [34]
Key Tools
- Co-Budget, a open source tool from Enspiral, to allow network members to re-invest in each other's projects
- Balance, an open-source tool to keep track of shared finances for groups
Pages in category "P2P Accounting"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 854 total.
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A
- Accountability Based Influence
- Accountable Algorithms
- Accounting and Control of the Labour Process
- Accounting Blockchain Coalition
- Accounting for Common Wealth
- Accounting for Cryptocurrency Climate Impacts
- Accounting Principles for a Participatory Economy
- Accounting Technologies for Anti-Rival Coordination and Allocation
- Accounting with Antirival Tokens
- Acumen Fund’s Pulse
- Advancing Environmental Disclosure in Sustainability Reporting
- Aerosolve
- Agricultural Sustainability for Bioregionalism in the San Francisco Bay Watershed
- AI Index
- Aid Transparency
- Aligning Cryptocurrency Incentives To Finance Positive Externalities
- Alternative Energy Matrix
- Alternative Measures of Human Well-Being
- Alternative Pricing Models
- Alternative Research and Scholarship Metrics
- Alternative Resource Allocation Systems
- Anchor Community Impact Dashboard
- Anchor Dashboard
- App Coins
- Art Brock on Transitioning to the New Economy through New Currencies
- Articles on Value by the School of Cognitive Capitalism
- Artificial Intelligence for Environment and Sustainability - ARIES
- Assembly
- Assurance Contracts
- Asymmetric Accounting
- Asymmetric Gift Accounting
- At Cost
- Augmented Forests
- Austin Wade Smith on Real Ecological Accounting with the Earth as the Ledger
- Australian Stocks and Flows Framework
- Axiological Turn Towards Commons-Based Value
B
- Backfeed
- Backfeed, the Blockchain, and Value Systems in the Sharing Economy
- Badge Alliance
- Balance
- Benefit Distribution Algorithm
- Benefit Redistribution Algorithm
- Berggruen Political Governance Index
- Big Shift Index
- Biocapacity
- Biocapacity Metrics
- Biodiversity Banking
- Birth of Systems Economics for the Earth System
- Bitcoin OTC Web of Trust
- Bitcoin Triple Accounting
- Bitmind
- Blockchain Ledger
- Blueprint Towards Accounting for the Management of Ecosystems
- Bob Haugen
- Breakthroughs in Shared Measurement
- Brendan Graham Dempsey on the Cultural Complexity Index
- Business for the Environment
- Business Social Media Impact Forecasting Simulator
C
- Calculating the Value of the Commons
- Can Accountants Save the Planet
- Cap and Trade
- Capital Redefined
- Capped Returns
- Carbon Farming
- Carbon Omissions
- CARE Tri-Capital Accounting System
- Carrying Capacity Assessment
- Carrying Capacity Assessment Model for the Australian Socio-Environmental Context
- Castoriadis on Value
- Center for Creating Commons Value and Values
- Center for World Philosophy and Religion
- Charles Hall on Biophysical Economics and the Key Resource Metric of Energy Returned On Energy Invested
- Chinese Ecological Civilization Construction Indexes
- Chris Cook on Value in a Mutual Credit World
- Christian Felber
- Christian Felber on the Common Welfare Economy
- Christian Fuchs on the Digital Labour Theory of Value
- CITIE Framework for Indicators for Sharing Cities
- Cities Approach to Sustainability
- City Resilience Index
- Civic Economics Localization Study
- Climate Beneficial Production and Accounting
- Climate Economics Index
- Climate Equity Reference Project
- Co-Viability Analysis
- Coasean Floor and Ceiling
- Cobudget
- Cocoon Projects
- Cold vs Warm Currencies
- Collaborative Consumption Self-Insurance Platform
- Collective Impact
- Comet-Farm
- Commodity Ecology
- Common Good Balance Sheet
- Common Vocabulary and Protocols for Solidarity and Cooperative Mutual-Coordination -Based Economic Networks
- Common Welfare Balance
- Common Welfare Economy
- Commonist Value Theory
- Commonland Foundation
- Commonland Four Returns Framework
- Commons Accounting Revolution
- Commons Balance of the Platform Collaborative Economy
- Commons Circuits of Value
- Commons Credit
- Commons Stack
- Commons-Based Cryptocurrencies
- Commons-Based Valuation
- Commons-Oriented Decentralised Programmed Organisations
- Communities of Evaluation
- Community Accounting
- Community Balance Metrics
- Community Balance Sheet
- Community Economy Return on Investment
- Community Economy Returns
- Community Indicators Victoria
- Community-Based Commitment Pooling
- Community-Owned Data Commons for Biodiversity
- Conception of Value in Community Economies
- Consequences of Continued Overshoot
- Consignment-Level Carbon Reporting Guidelines
- Consolidating a Climate Accounting System
- Constitutions of Value
- Contemporary Value Crisis and the Search for ‘Value Sovereignty
- Contemporary Value Crisis and the Search for ‘Value Sovereignty’
- Content-Driven Reputation
- Context-Based Sustainability
- Continuing Relevance of the Marxian Labor Theory
- Continuum Development Index
- Contributions Log
- Contributive Commons as Tools for Reciprocity
- Contributory Accounting
- Contributory Diversity as a Metric for the Ethical Evaluation of Value Production
- Convertible Social Currency
- Conviviality Metrics
- Cooperative Game Theory
- Cooperative Wealth Building
- Coordination Costs
- Corporate Accountability International
- Corporate Ecosystem Services Review
- Corporation 20 20
- Cost
- Cost of Closed Government Data
- Cost of Small-Scale vs. Large-Scale Manufacturing
- Cost Plus
- Costs and Business Models in Scientific Research Publishing
- Costs of Living
- Counterparty
- Creating a Caring Economics
- Creating a Membrane between the Commons and the Market
- Creating an Economy for the Common Good
- Creating City Portraits - Doughnut Economics Methodology
- Creating Shared Value
- Cred
- Credit Commons Accounting
- Credit Commons Protocol
- Criminalizing the Informal Economy through Cost Plus Regulations
- Critical Analysis of Globalization Indices
- Critical Practice
- Critique of Value
- Crowdfunding Accreditation for Platform Standards
- Crowdfunding and the Law
- Crowdsourced Credit Rating Providers
- Crypto Carbon Ratings Institute
- Crypto Climate Impact Accounting Framework
- Cryptoeconomics Working Sessions at NYU Stern
- Cryptoeconomy of Affect
- Cubrix
- Cultural Complexity Index
- Customer Engagement Metrics
- Customer Network Value
- Cybernetic Self-Management
D
- Dan Robles
- Dangerous Dynamics of Capitalism's Futuristic Accounting
- Daostack
- Data Catalogs
- DEAL City Portraits - Doughnut Economics Methodology
- DebtRank
- Decentralized Autonomous Licence
- Decentralized Value Attribution Mechanism
- Decoupling Debunked
- Democratization in Three Dimensions of Technosocial Self-Organization
- Development Metrics
- Development of a Carrying Capacity Assessment Model for the Australian Socio-Environmental Context
- Digital Ecosystem for the Environment
- Digital Participatory Budgeting
- Digital Protocols as Accounting and Incentivization Mechanisms in Anti-Rival Systems
- Digital Tracing Technologies
- Directory of Online Budget Simulators and Games
- Discussion on Sensorica's Open Value Accounting for the P2P Value Research Project
- Distributed Contracts
- Distributed Cooperative Organization
- Distributed Energy Metering Considered as a Commons
- Distributed Ledgers
- Distributive Markets
- Does the Labor Theory of Value Function in Social Media
- Double Entry
- Doughnut Economics