Category:Peerproduction
This will function as a mini-guide to Peer Production proper, in the more narrow sense, so that this key material is no longer only available through our almost unwieldy section on P2P Business trends in general.
We recommend the following 2 articles outlining the role of the P2P Foundation, 'which peer produces knowledge about peer production'.
- Prophets and Advocates of Peer Production. By George Dafermos. [1]. Excellent introduction to the role of the P2P Foundation in the context of the re-emergence of a commons movement that is linked to digitally-enabled self-organization.
- Digital Commons: Cyber-Commoners, Peer Producers and the Project of a Post-Capitalist Transition. By George Dafermos. [2]: Excellent introduction to the theoretical and strategic work of the P2P Foundation.
Introduction
- The Common as a Mode of Production. Towards a critique of the political economy of common goods. Carlo Vercellone. [3]
- Christian Siefkes: Peer Producing Plenty in the Physical World
- Karim Lakhani on the Open Source Software communities Open Development process [4]
- A Bibliography on Peer Production. Recommendations by James Boyle.
- Georgie BC: How a Stigmergy of Actions Replaces Representation of Persons
- Dmytri Kleiner: Flawed Circuits of Value in the Lulz Economy
More on a potential future form:
- Commons-Oriented Decentralised Programmed Organisations, i.e. cDPOs "are frameworks to bootstrap, develop & sustain commons projects"., aka, the commons-oriented version of DAO's. More info in the article: Programmed Decentralised Commons Production. [5]
Characteristics of Peer Production
- Peer Production Patterns, summarized by Stefan Meretz:
- Beyond Classes
- Beyond Commodity
- Beyond Exchange
- Beyond Exclusion
- Beyond Labor
- Beyond Money
- Beyond Politics
- Beyond Scarcity
- Beyond Socialism
- Peer production carries with it many different fundamental innovations, that are starkly different from traditional business practice. Here are a number of these practices, contrasted with the practices
of the market and the business firm:
- Anti-Credentialism: refers to the inclusiveness of peer production. What matters is the ability to carry out a particular task, not any formal a priori credential ( ≠ credentialism).
- Anti-Rivalry: sharing the created goods does not diminish the value of the good, but actually enhances it ( ≠ rivalry).
- Communal Validation: the quality control is not a 'a priori' condition of participation, but a post-hoc control process, usually community-driven ( ≠ hierarchical control).
- Distribution of Tasks: there are no roles and jobs to be performed, only specific tasks to be carried out ( ≠ division of labor).
- Equipotentiality: people are judged on the particular aspects of their being that is involved in the execution of a particular task ( ≠ people ranking).
- For Benefit: (Benefit Sharing; Benefit-Driven Production). The production aims to create use value or 'benefits' for its user community, not profits for shareholders ( ≠ for-profit).
- Forking: the freedom to copy and modify includes the possibility to take the project into a different direction ( ≠ one authorized version).
- Granularity: refers to the effort to create the smallest possible modules (see Modularity infra), so that the treshold of participation for carrying out tasks is lowered to the lowest possible extent.
- Holoptism; transparency is the default state of information about the project; all additions can be seen and verified and are sourced ( ≠ panoptism).
- Modularity: tasks, products and services are organized as modules, that fit with other modules in a puzzle that is continuously re-assembled; anybody can contribute to any module. (See also: Composability, from software engineering terminology, [http//:wikipedia.org/wiki/Composability])
- Negotiated Coordination: conflicts are resolved through an ongoing and mediated dialogue, not by fiat and top-down decisions ( ≠ centralized and hierarchical decision-making). (See also "subsidiarity", "the delegation of decision-making power over a particular area of operation by those working directly in that area." [6])
- Permissionlessness: one does not need permission to contribute to the commons( ≠ permission culture).
- Produsage: there is no strict separation between production and consumption, and users can produce solutions ( ≠ production for consumption).
- Stigmergy: there is a signalling language that permits system needs to be broadcast and matched to contributions.
Suggested characteristics: (composability, Subsidiarity)
Quotes
“Since evolutionary changes are not completely predictable, it is obvious that there is room in the world for what we call free will. Each individual decision to accept, resist, or change the current order alters the probability that a particular evolution outcome will occur. While the course of cultural evolution is never free from systemic influence, some moments are probably more “open” than others. The most open moments, it appears to me, are those at which a mode of production reaches its limits of growth and a new mode of production must soon be adopted. We are rapidly moving toward such an opening.”
- Marvin Harris - “Cannibals and Kings” P.291
With the advent of the P2P Mode of Production, the community and its common is now the appropriate scale
"We’re seeing something that is historically shocking—the reduction to zero of the cost of an especially valuable part of capital, which materializes directly knowledge (free software, free designs, etc.). And above all we see, almost day by day, how the optimum size of production, sector by sector, approaches or reaches the community dimension.
The possibility for the real community, the one based on interpersonal relationships and affections, to be an efficient productive unit is something radically new, and its potential to empower is far from having been developed. This means that we are lucky enough to live in a historical moment when it would seem that the whole history of technology, with all its social and political challenges, has coalesced to put us within reach of the possibility of developing ourselves in a new way and contributing autonomy to our community.
Today we have an opportunity that previous generations did not: to transform production into something done, and enjoyed, among peers. We can make work a time that is not walled off from life itself, which capitalism revealingly calls “time off.” That’s the ultimate meaning of producing in common today. That’s the immediate course of every emancipatory action. The starting point."
- David de Ugarte [7]
On the connection between Modularity and Sharing
"If the stuff to hand isn't modular, you can't really share, because your stuff isn't compatible with other people's stuff. If it isn't modular, you can't share out tasks and scale. If you can't share out tasks, you can't have people working independently, at their own pace and in their own way, which means the project isn't really open. If it isn't modular, you can't swap in some new elements while leaving everything else untouched, which means no "release early, release often", no experimentation, no rapid evolution. Modularity is indispensable."
- Glyn Moody: [8]
The Best Anthropological Definition of Equality Points To Peer Production
"The best anthropological definition of egalitarian societies, that proposed by Fried (1967): in egalitarian societies there are as many positions as there are qualified individuals to fill them. The respect for the abilities of different individuals creates tolerance for the variation on which cultural developments draw. Egalitarian and hierarchical elements co-exist in all human societies. Though both appear to have roots in our simian heritage, why were both maintained through social selection and cultural means? Institutionalized hierarchy reduces internal competition and the often-destructive race to the top, allows for efficient organization of collective action, and coordinates responses to intergroup competition which benefit many group members. Egalitarian institutions reduce the transaction costs of social and economic exchange in a number of respects. As equals, it is not necessary to work out relative social standing with every interaction. Women and men can help each other knowing that as equals they can give, ask, take and receive help when in need. With egalitarian institutions people do not fear that assistance given will be used to dominate, fostering the conditions and trust for delayed exchange. Finally, equality facilitates the mobility necessary for intergroup interaction, as hierarchies do not mesh easily."
- Polly Wiessner [9]
Key Resources
Key Articles
- Foundational Essay: "The Political Economy of Peer Production", Michel Bauwens's 2005 essay published in Ctheory
- Update from 2009: Class and Capital in Peer Production. Michel Bauwens. Capital & Class Spring 2009 vol. 33 no. 1 121-141 [10]
- Overview Essay: Prophets and Advocates of Peer Production. By George Dafermos. Chapter 7: The Handbook of Peer Production. Wiley, 2020
Important Details via:
- Paul Hartzog on the Advantages of Scale of Openness and Peer Production
- Dmytri Kleiner's Critique of Peer Production Ideology
- Michel Bauwens: Is Peer Production a Real Mode of Production?
- The 'Circulation of the Common': Analytical concept proposed by Nick Dyer-Witheford in a landmark essay of the same title.. It refers to the social reproduction mechanism of Peer Production, in a process analogous with the Circulation of Capital described by Marx. [12]
- P2P Is Not a Mode of ProductionToni Prug. Journal of Peer Production, Issue 1, 2012. [13]
- How the Iron Law of Oligarchy Extends to Peer Production
See also:
- Ten Peer Production Patterns. Stefan Meretz. Comment by Michel Bauwens: A word of caution. The text by Stefan Meretz is useful to understand the post-capitalist patterns that are inherent in peer production, however, it also abstracts from its embeddedness in present society and the way these aspects are instrumentalized by the present society and economic system, and create hybrid mechanisms of mutual adaptation. It also skirts around the central question of the self-reproduction of the means of production (however, see pattern 10 on the Germ Theory of change.
- 3D Printing Community and Emerging Practices of Peer Production. By Jarkko Moilanen and Tere Vadén. First Monday, Volume 18, Number 8 - 5 August 2013 [14]
Key Books
Key Reports
From the Industrial Cooperation Project:
- Peer Production and Industrial Cooperation in Biotechnology, Genomics and Proteomics
- Peer Production and Industrial Cooperation in Alternative Energy
- Peer Production and Industrial Cooperation in Educational Materials
- Peer Production and Industrial Cooperation in Telecommunications
Key Video
Pages in category "Peerproduction"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 671 total.
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A
- Aaron Shaw on Commons-Based Industry in the Neoliberal Knowledge Economy
- Abundance Logic
- Abundance vs. Scarcity
- Adhocism
- Adventure Economy
- Agents of Alternatives
- Agile Software Development
- Alan Watts on Passionate Production
- Alg-a Lab/es
- Algedonics
- Allocation of Collaborative Efforts in Open-Source Software
- Alternatives To Mainstream Publishing
- Altruism, Reciprocity and Social Image in Peer Production Economy
- Ambient Production
- Anarchism as a Mode of Production
- Anti-Credentialism
- Anti-Rivalness of Free Software
- Anti-Rivalry
- App Coins
- Arquitecturas Colectivas/es
- Asymmetric Competition
- Austria's Solar Self-Build Movement
- Authority in Peer Production
- Automation for the Artisanal Economy
- Autonomy, Labour, and the Political Economy of Social Media
- Awareness-Based Collective Action
- Axel Bruns
- Axel Bruns on Produsage
- Axel Bruns Vlogs on Produsage
- Ayad Al-Ani on How Free Producers are Changing Enterprise and Politics
B
- Backyard Biology
- BarCola
- Bazaar Model
- Beachhead Hypothesis
- Beekeeper Model
- Benefit Sharing
- Benefit-Driven Production
- Beyond Classes
- Beyond Commodity
- Beyond Exchange
- Beyond Exclusion
- Beyond Labor
- Beyond Money
- Beyond Politics
- Beyond Scarcity
- Beyond Socialism
- Bibliography on Peer Production
- Bitcoin Protocol
- Book of Peer Production
- Bottega21
- Brokerage, Boundary Spanning, and Leadership in Open Innovation Communities
- Business Models for the Commons
- Business Models of Fab Labs
C
- Call for a Joint Research Group for Peer Production
- Cambalache/es
- Can Communities Produce Complex Technology
- Can Peer Production Make Washing Machines?
- Capitalist Collaborative Production
- Case of a RepRap-Based, Lego-Built 3D Printing-Milling Machine
- Case studies of Co-creative Labour
- Center for Adventure Economics
- Challenges and Opportunities of Peer Production for Labour and Unions
- Characteristics of P2P Networks as Organizations
- Charles Leadbeater on the Rise of the Amateur Professional
- Charlie Schweik
- Chris Anderson on the Emergence of Free
- Chris DiBona on the Economics of Open Source at Google
- Chris Lawer on Co-Creation in Business
- Christian Fuchs
- Christian Pentzold
- Cindy Kohtala
- Circulation of the Common
- Citizen Collectives in the Flanders
- Citizen Product Design
- Class and Capital in Peer Production
- Clay Shirky on the Potential of Cognitive Surplus
- Co-Creation
- Co-Design
- Co-Production of Public Services
- Coase's Penguin
- Code Forking, Governance, and Sustainability in Open Source Software
- Collaborative Development of Open Content
- Collaborative Economy - Concept
- Collaborative Goods
- Collaborative Networks and the Productive Precariat
- Collaborative Production
- Collective Innovation Model
- Coming Revolution of Peer Production and Revolutionary Cooperatives
- Committers
- Common as a Mode of Production
- Common Goods
- Common Knowledge in Greece
- Common Property
- Commonism
- Commons Associations
- Commons Based Peer Production in the Information Economy
- Commons in Catalonia
- Commons-Based Economic Alternatives in the Digital Age
- Commons-Based Media Production
- Commons-Based Peer Production
- Commons-Based Peer Production and Artistic Expression in Greece
- Commons-Based Peer Production and the Neo-Weberian State
- Commons-Based Peer Production in the Work of Yochai Benkler
- Commons-Based Peer Production of Physical Goods
- Commons-Based Peer-Production Network To Facilitate the Sharing of Plant Genetic Information and Biotechnological Tools
- Commons-Based Peer-Production of Physical Goods
- Commons-Based Production Infrastructure
- Commons-Oriented Decentralised Programmed Organisations
- Communal Validation
- Communities and Innovation
- Communities as Distribution Channels
- Communities of Evaluation
- Communities of Production and Sharing in Greece
- Community Participant Lifecycle
- Community vs Centralized Development
- Community Workshops
- Comparing Commercial Open Source Companies with Traditional Software Companies
- Compeerism
- Componentization
- Composability
- Comunes/es
- Concept of Rent Relevant to a Discussion of Surplus-Value in the Digital World
- Conceptuar-te/es
- Consumer-Fortified Media
- Consumer-Generated Media
- Contribution Beyond Source Code in FLOSS Communities
- Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy of the Internet
- Contributory Diversity as a Metric for the Ethical Evaluation of Value Production
- Control in Open Source Software Development
- Cooperative Firms as a New Mode of Production
- Coordination Costs
- Coordination Theory and Collaboration Technology
- Coproduction of Open Source Software by Volunteers and Big Tech Firms
- Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software
- Corporate Involvement in Free and Open-Source Software
- Cosmo-Localism
- Creative Commons Business Models for Publishing and Music
- Crisis of Value and the Ethical Economy
- Crisis of Value Theory
- Critical Political Economic Framework for Peer Production’s Relation to Capitalism
- Critical Studies in Peer Production
- Critique of the Peer Production License
- Cross-Project Coordination Practices of Open-Source Communities
- Crowd Clout
- Crowdfunding
- Crowdhacking
- Crowding Out
- Crowdpricing
- Crowdsourced Advertising
- Crowdsourced Design
- Crowdsourcing
- Crowdspirit
- Cultivating Hacker Ethics in Debian
- Customer-Built Network Infrastructures
- Customer-centric Brands
- Customer-Controlled Networks
- Cyber-Commoners, Peer Producers and the Project of a Post-Capitalist Transition
D
- Daniel Bruch Duarte on the Brazilian Fora do Eixo Solidarity Economics Business Model
- Dario Azzellini on Production and Common
- Data Communities
- David Rozas
- David Rozas Domingo
- David Rozas on the Peer Production Services in the Drupal Community
- Death of Exchange Value
- Debating the Cult of the Amateur
- Decentralization of Taste
- Decentralization-Based Typology of Peer Production
- Decentralized Autonomous Licence
- Deep Democracy, Peer-to-Peer Production and Our Common Futures
- Demise of the Marxian Law of Value in the Work of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri
- Democratic and Participatory Production in the Zapastista Areas of Chiapas
- Democratizing Innovation
- Design Global, Manufacture Local
- DESIS Distributed and Open Production Cluster
- Desktop Manufacturing
- DGML
- Diffuse Innovation
- Digital Commons Research Group
- Digital Do-It-Yourself
- Digital Labor Working Group at CUNY
- Digital Labour and Prosumer Capitalism
- Digital Neofeudalism
- Digital Sharecropping
- Direct Economy
- Dirk Riehle on Open Source Business Models
- Distributed Biological Manufacturing
- Distributed Commons-based Production
- Distributed Creativity
- Distributed Innovation
- Distributed Intellectual Product Right
- Distributed Labor Networks
- Distributed Power Generation
- Distributed Process
- Distributed Selection
- Distributed Systems