Category:Peerproperty
For social change, "ownership design is the most foundational".
- David Korten [1]
Here is where we document material on the third aspect of commons-based peer production ("Peer production, peer governance, peer property").
Endorsements and recommendations
- We're big fans of the FairShares model, see New Cooperativism and the FairShares Model .
- Check out the use of Redeemable Preference Shares (also called Capped Returns, by the Enspiral cooperative coalition, which allows them to accept external funding without losing control as a coop, while being able to develop Commons-based resources.
Introduction
"Peer to peer social processes are bottom-up processes whereby agents in a distributed network can freely engage in common pursuits, without external coercion. It is important to realize that distributed systems differ from decentralized systems, essentially because in the latter, the hubs are obligatory, while in the former, they are the result of voluntary choices. Distributed networks do have constraints, internal coercion, that are the conditions for the group to operate, and they may be embedded in the technical infrastructure, the social norms, or legal rules.
P2P social processes more precisely engender:
1) Peer Production: wherever a group of peers decided to engage in the production of a common resource [2]
2) Peer Governance: the means they choose to govern themselves while they engage in such pursuit [3]]
3) Peer Property: the institutional and legal framework they choose to guard against the private appropriation of this common work; this usually takes the form of non-exclusionary forms of universal common property"
- Please read: Generative vs. Extractive Ownership
See also: Common ; Commons ; Commons - Typology
On the Importance of Distinguishing Sharing Private Property vs. Commons vs. Public Property
From Natalia Fernández, translated by Steve Herrick:
"Municipal goods and services are not “commons,” and rental vehicle from a company-owed fleet is not “collaborative.” Confusing things only can lead to disillusionment and disappointment.
Anglo culture and the absence of public policies in the US tended to distort the terms “commons” and collaborative consumption/”sharing.” Municipal bicycle or car-sharing services, even though they may be shared in the sense that there is one vehicle and many users, don’t create any kind of commons, nor are they collaborative consumption. They are mere extensions of transportation services, no different from other public utilities when they are publicly owned, or from a car-rental company when privately owned.
The “commons,” that which is communal, is goods that belong to a community, a group of real people, a demos, that manages it jointly and directly. Public property is something else: it is State property.
But, isn’t public property, by definition, the common property of all citizens? Wouldn’t municipal public goods be, by definition, “communal?” No. Publicly-owned goods are managed through specific institutions that decide how they are used and where the profits go. Citizens don’t take part directly in management and decisions about these goods and their use. They are not communal.
The municipal bus business of any city can be a publicly-owned good, property of city hall, or of the wider region. But it is not a communal good. The classic example of communal goods would be the common lands of many towns, collectively owned by their users, who directly manage their use. The transportation business could be part of the urban commons if it was, simply, a cooperative of users. The “sharing economy” or collaborative consumption exists when the users share use of goods, while maintaining private ownership. If city hall or a company makes cars or bicycles publicly available (charging a rental fee) there’s no collaborative consumption. “Bike sharing” would be when you share the use of your bike(s) with others through a system of use management. If no one shares their personal property, there’s no “sharing” at all. In most municipal “biking” or “car-sharing” services, the bikes belong to a company or city hall itself. There is no collaborative consumption, but rather, hourly rental." (https://english.lasindias.com/how-to-put-an-end-to-the-urban-commons-and-sharing-once-and-for-all)
Characteristics of Generative Ownership Forms
from http://www.marjoriekelly.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Kelly-OOF-PR-Final.pdf (visited 2016-12)
THE DESIGN OF ECONOMIC POWER — The Architecture of Ownership
EXTRACTIVE OWNERSHIP | GENERATIVE OWNERSHIP |
---|---|
1. Financial Purpose: maximizing profits in the short term | 1. Living Purpose: creating the conditions for life over the long term |
2. Absentee Membership: ownership disconnected from the life of the enterprise | 2. Rooted Membership: ownership in human hands |
3. Governance by Markets: control by capital markets on autopilot | 3. Mission-Controlled Governance: control by those dedicated to social mission |
4. Casino Finance: capital as master | 4. Stakeholder Finance: capital as friend |
5. Commodity Networks: trading focused solely on price and profits | 5. Ethical Networks: collective support for ecological and social norms |
Majorie Kelly:
"In ownership design, there are five essential patterns that work together to create either extractive or generative design: purpose, membership, governance, capital, and networks.
- Extractive ownership has a Financial Purpose: maximizing profits. Generative ownership has a Living Purpose: creating the conditions for life.
- While corporations today have Absentee Membership, with owners disconnected from the life of enterprise, generative ownership has Rooted Membership, with ownership held in human hands.
- While extractive ownership involves Governance by Markets, with control by capital markets on autopilot, generative designs have Mission-Controlled Governance, with control by those focused on social mission.
- While extractive investments involve Casino Finance, alternative approaches involve Stakeholder Finance, where capital becomes a friend rather than a master.
- Instead of Commodity Networks, where goods are traded based solely on price, generative economic relations are supported by Ethical Networks, which offer collective support for social and ecological norms."
(http://blogs.worldwatch.org/sustainableprosperity/generative-economy/)
Examples:
- FairShares: this model of cooperative property makes a lot of sense
Typology
= a clear distinction is to be made between resources owned in common (common property) and resources for which no property rights have been defined (open access).
G.G. Stevenson compares these three forms in terms of group limitation and extraction limitation. [4]
Typology of Commons Regulation
things | Access | Regulation |
Res nullius | all | non-regulated |
Res privatae | owner | market-regulated |
Res publicae | public | state-regulated |
Res communes | community | peer-regulated |
Typology of Property Rights in Common-Pool Resources
Simon Deakin:
"Access: A right to enter a defined physical property
Withdrawal: A right to harvest the products of a resource such as timber, water or food for pastoral animals
Management: A right to regulate the use patterns of other harvesters and to transform a resource system by making improvements
Exclusion: A right to determine who will have the right of access to a resource and whether that right can be transferred
Alienation: A right to sell or lease any of the above rights "
(http://www.queensu.ca/lawjournal/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.qljwww/files/files/issues/1-Deakin.pdf)
The 3 Property Institutions:
- Limited: members only, unlimited extraction - Unlimited: open to anyone, unlimited extraction
Common Property: members only, extraction limited by rules
Private Property: one, extraction limited by individual decision
- Stefan Meretz has produced, with his daughter, a very useful and clear taxonomy of common goods, according to five criteria. Pauline Schwarze and Franco Iacomella provided translation support, from the original German to English.
Graphic at http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/wp-content/uploads/taxonomy-of-goods.png
- See the graphic from Wolfgang Hoechsele: Choosing the Right Form of Common Property
Typology of Generative Ownership Forms
Marjorie Kelly on THE FAMILY OF GENERATIVE OWNERSHIP DESIGN:
Commons and government ownership:
Assets like the ocean, a forest, land, a park, or a municipal power plant are held or governed indivisibly by a community. This category includes, but is not limited to, government ownership.
Stakeholder ownership:
Ownership by people with a human stake in a private enterprise – including cooperatives, partnerships, credit unions, mutual insurance companies, employee-owned firms, and family-owned companies – where the central purpose is a life-serving one.
Nonprofit and social enterprise ownership:
Organizations with a primary social or environmental mission, which rely either on charity (nonprofits) or use business methods (social enterprise). This category, which includes hospitals, universities and non-governmental organizations, embraces nonprofits, subsidiaries of nonprofits, and certain private businesses.
Mission-controlled corporations:
Corporations with a strong social purpose that are owned in conventional ways (often with publicly traded shares), yet keep governing control in mission-oriented hands. These can include family-controlled firms, and the large foundation-controlled companies common across northern Europe." (http://www.gtinitiative.org/documents/IssuePerspectives/GTI-Perspectives-Architecture_of_Enterprise.pdf)
Albert Wenger's Typology
* Cooperatives.
"These have played an important role in the creation of utilities of various kinds from grocery distribution to telephone networks. Generally the members contribute capital to build some piece of shared infrastructure.
* Mutuals.
Insurance is inherently a network effects business and many insurance companies started out as mutuals. These are similar to co-operatives and may have membership fees but tend not to require an initial contribution of capital.
* Steward-Ownership.
Companies can own themselves in whole or in part via a trust, club or foundation. This is an ownership structure that has been quite common historically in Europe. The role of the owning foundation tends to be to uphold the longterm purpose.
* Decentralized.
With the invention of Blockchain Technology we may be able to unlock entirely new ownership structures, where there is no need for a central corporation at all and the network is directly owned by its participants."
Introductory Articles
- Copyright Monopoly Stands in Direct Opposition to Property Rights. By Rick Falkvinge.
- Matt Cropp: P2P-Driven Decline in Transaction Costs and the Coming Micro-Ownership Revolution
- An Ideological History of the Urge to Own. An excerpt from chapter four of Charles Eisenstein's book on Sacred Economics.
- Introduction to Private and Common Property: Achim Lerch, The Tragedy of the Tragedy of the Commons. [5]
- Martin Pedersen: 1) Property as a Social Relation ; Free Software as Property
- In a special issue of the Cornell Law Review, Vol. 94:743, four noted professors of property law wrote a brief series of propositions they identified as “A Statement of Progressive Property. [6]
See also:
- Kevin Kelly: In a dematerialized economy, sharing is better than owning
- Dmytri Kleiner: The Modular Company, Open Capital, Venture Communism: How are they related
- The three modalities of Production Sharing, i.e. working together for a common pool, without individual exchange or barter: 1) Labor Quota System; 2) Fair-Share Labor System; 3) Anti-Quota Labor System
- Marjorie Kelly: Not Just For Profit: Emerging alternatives to the shareholder-centric model could help companies avoid ethical mishaps and contribute more to the world at large. Explores three new-style corporate designs: 1. stakeholder-owned companies; 2. mission-controlled companies; and 3. public-private hybrids.
- It is very important to distinguish the four different degrees of freedom], culminating in Triple-Free Software and peer production. An insight from Tere Vaden.
- The Property Taskforce is a good resource to learn about Property regimes
Special topic: Commons-oriented Software Licenses
- Richard Stallman argues forcefully, that we should not use the muddled concept of IP, and explains Why Software Should Not Have Owners.
- Patrick Anderson explains the difference (and deep similarity) between Ownership of Software vs. Ownership of Goods, and says open property models could be extended once we accept that the user (and not the worker) is the owner of the physical means of production. See also his proposal for User Ownership
- Karl Fogel explains how the General Public License uses Copyright to obtain the opposite effect of guaranteeing sharing: Stallman's Jiujitsu
- The Libre Labyrinth. Navigating the Maze of Free and NonFree Licenses. By Greg London, 2008: describes an objective way to understand how various FLOS licenses work, and how different FLOS licenses compare to one another
- A Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes. By S.Chopra and S. Dexter: how to choose between Free Software, Open Source Software, or proprietary software, from an ethical point of view
- Copyleft and the Theory of Property. Mikhaïl Xifaras (French)
Special topic: property and conflict in free culture communities:
- Play Struggle, excerpts of the book Hacking Capitalism by Johan Soderbergh.
- Klang, Mathias, "Avatar: From Deity to Corporate Property - A Philosophical Inquiry into Digital Property in Online Games
- Contrasting Proprietary and Free/Open Source Game Development, Alessandro Rossi & Marco Zamarian
- Moore, Christopher. 2005. "Commonising The Enclosure: Online Games And Reforming Intellectual Property Regimes." Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society 3(2): examine the potential for computer game studies to contribute to an understanding of an alternative intellectual property regime known as the commons
- Who Owns the Mods? by Yong Ming Kow and Bonnie Nardi. First Monday, Volume 15, Number 5 - 3 May 2010 [7]
Key Resources
- a collection of texts that introduce the concepts of Platform Cooperativism and the Internet of Ownership ; Status: IoO site no longer available
- Atlas of Ownership: an open, shared map of property rights [8]
Key Articles
- The Role of the Commons and Common Property in an Economy of Abundance. Wolfgang Hoeschele. [9]
- Carol M. Rose, 1) The Several Futures of Property: Of Cyberspace and Folk Tales, Emission Trades and Ecosystems, 83 MINN. L. REV. 129 (1998) ; 2) PROPERTY AND PERSUASION: ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY, THEORY, AND RHETORIC OF OWNERSHIP (1994);
- New Cooperativism and the FairShares Model: in this article about the FairShares Model by Rory Ridley-Duff.
[10], there is a useful history of the evolution of thought and practice of cooperative property, with a graphic summarizing the different schools of thought and how they converge in this new model.
- On the Private Nature of Cooperative Property ; "although the indivisible reserves are indisputably collective property, it is still private from the point of view of people outside of the cooperative" ; By BENOÎT BORRITS
- Protecting Commons Against Cooptation. By David Darby. Focuses on:
- obtaining infrastructure without debt
- robust, multi-layered asset locks
- resilience against sale, co-option or cancellation
Key Books
- Ours: The Case for Universal Property. Peter Barnes. " a brilliant new bookthat explains how a new class of property rights and trusts can help protect common assets and generate revenues for everyone in the process".
- Majorie Kelly. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution. Journeys to a Generative Economy. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2012 [11]
- Owning the Earth. Transforming history of land ownership. By Andro Linklater. 2013
- Pat Conaty and Mike Lewis, the Resilience Imperative. Chapter 11 focused directly upon your question about Ownership transfer mechanisms and what these look like including the roots of the idea in the 1820s with the insights of Thomas Spence the ingenious proponent of working land trusts (see chapter 4), the brilliant French Swiss political economist, Sismondi and working up from there through the Chartists, Ruskin, other co-operative commonwealth visionaries and practitioners through to Gandhi's trusteeship concepts, CLTs, Democratic ESOPs, the Co-operative Land Bank etc ... "
- Property And Persuasion: Essays On The History, Theory, And Rhetoric Of Ownership. by Carol M Rose. Westview Press, 1994
- Ulrich Duchrow. Property for People, Not for Profit. ZED Books, 2004: history of extractive property, and its alternatives.
- The Divine Right of Capital: Dethroning the Corporate Aristocracy. Berrett-Koehler, 2001. [12]. Key thesis: the corporation is a feudal structure ; one of those mind-opening books that deserves to be read by a large audience
- Property Outlaws: How Squatters, Pirates and Protesters Improve the Law of Ownership. By Sonia Katyal and Eduardo Penalver. Yale University Press, 2010
- Ours to Hack and to Own. Ed. by Trebor Scholz and Nathan Schneider, fall 2016: contributions on creating Platform Cooperatives.
- Liberty and Property. A SOCIAL HISTORY OF WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO ENLIGHTENMENT. By ELLEN MEIKSINS WOOD. Penguin / Random House, 2012 [13]
- Territory as property: The Birth of Territory. By Stuart Elden. Univ. of Chicago Press, 2013: " provides a detailed account of the emergence of territory within Western political thought. [14]
"On Immaterial Property"
- Common Cause. Information Between Commons and Property. Philippe Aigrain. [15] Unpubished, select version of: Cause Commune.
- Code. Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Commons: Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (Ed). MIT Press, 2005.: essays on 'immaterial' property
See also:
* PhD thesis - "Property, Commoning and the Politics of Free Software". J. Martin Pedersen. Thesis submitted January 2010, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University. Examined by Massimo De Angelis.: The thesis is a philosophical and political inquiry into the material nature of immateriality and was published as the first of a two volume Special Issue of The Commoner and also presented on http://commoning.wordpress.com
On Crypto Property
* Radical Markets. By Eric Posner & Glen Weyl.[16]: "Their ideas have captured the imaginations of blockchain technologists in particular. That is because while it is hard to change real-world property law, it is easy to rewrite the rules governing ownership of crypto-assets. Thus, there is a fascinating possibility of architecting crypto-asset ownership schemes that are simultaneously more efficient and more egalitarian than the Common Law scheme governing the real economy." [17]
How-To
- Assets in Common: Stories of Business and Community Leaders Remaking the Economy from the Ground Up. By Charity May, Jay Standish et al. Infrastructure for Shared Ownership, 2024 [18]: "Some of the amazing companies profiled here include the Industrial Commons, Enspiral, Mondragon Corporation, Obran Cooperative, Goodworks Evergreen, Saradex, Sumitomo Group, Clegg Auto, and Calvert Community Investment.
Key Podcasts and Videos
Short Citations
1.
The difference between open access and defined property rights (private or common property), by contrast, is the difference between an unregulated and a regulated condition. The difference is fundamental.
- Achim Lerch [19]
2.
For Stevenson, a “private property, common property, open access trichotomy” ultimately exists. He compares these three forms in terms of group limitation and extraction limitation. Characteristic of the common property form is that both the group and the extent of resource use are limited by the individual members.
- [20]
Source: STEVENSON, G.G: Common Property Economics. A General Theory and Land Use Applications. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.1991, p.58
Long Citations
"One age builds upon the last. We do not go back, but carry forward the former ages in new ways. In the industrial age, we industrialized agriculture. In the age of finance, we financialized industry. As we move into a more ecologically sensitive era, we will need to ecologize finance. And we will need to socialize it — make it more inclusive, less elite. Redesigning the social architectures of our economy is a vital part of transformation—as vital as redesigning the physical architectures of our energy and product system. My sense is we are … entering an era with a multiplicity of ownership designs – a time of biodiversity in social architecture, beyond the monoculture of the corporate form."
- Majorie Kelly [21]
"The commons breaks with the individualistic vision as conceived by the capitalist tradition, a vision that has progressively transferred the idea of rights to individual people. The commons take inclusion and everyone’s equal right to access as its starting point, while property and the idea of the state that upholds it is based on a rivalry of goods, and thus on exclusion and concentration of power in institutions that insure and protect it. The commons try to situate themselves outside the subject-object reductionism that would lead to their commodification. The commons cannot be commodified (because they cannot be transferred, or alienated), and they cannot be the object of individualised possession. And so they express a qualitative logic, not a quantitative one. We do not ‘have’ a common good, we ‘form part of’ the common good, in that we form part of an ecosystem, of a system of relations in an urban or rural environment; the subject is part of the object. Common goods are inseparably united, and they unite people as well as communities and the ecosystem itself."
- Joan Subirats [22]
"Imagine a world where property is owned because it is being well stewarded rather than ownership being a priori to stewardship. Much of the worst behavior we see in the economy would be impossible, because the second any firm stopped stewarding their properties for the benefit of the larger community, they would no longer own their properties (intellectual or otherwise). In this world ownership is derived from good stewardship, rather than the other way around."
- Alan Rosenblith [23]
"Within the co-operative society based on common ownership of the means of production, the producers do not exchange their products; just as little does the labor employed on the products appear here as the value of these products, as a material quality possessed by them, since now, in contrast to capitalist society, individual labor no longer exists in an indirect fashion but directly as a component part of total labor. The phrase "proceeds of labor", objectionable also today on account of its ambiguity, thus loses all meaning. … labor [will] become not only a means of life but life's prime want
- Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme [24]
At the center of the digital revolution, with the executable bitstreams that make everything else possible, propertarian regimes not only do not make things better, they can make things radically worse. Property concepts, whatever else may be wrong with them, do not enable and have in fact retarded progress. In the network society, anarchism (or more properly, anti-possessive individualism) is a viable political philosophy … because defection is impossible, free riders are welcome, which resolves one of the central puzzles of collective action in a propertarian social system.
- Eben Moglen, in his essay Anarchism Triumphant [25]
"In Roman law, property, or dominium, is a relation between a person and a thing, characterized by absolute power of that person over that thing....Human beings can have relations with one another. But what would it mean to have a 'relation' with a thing?....[But,] Imagine a man trapped on a desert island. He might develop extremely personal relationships with, say, the palm trees....and, if he's there too long, he might well end up giving them all names and spending half his time having imaginary conversations with them. Still, does he 'own' them? ....Clearly, then, property is not really a relation between a person and a thing. It's an understanding or arrangement between people concerning things."
~ David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years [26]
"As long as we focus on types of ownership, we seem to be leaving out all who are not owners. That is one reason I argue for a civic based economy rather than a property-based economy.
I am certainly for employee ownership and worker co-ops. One needs to remember, however, that property and ownership are legal concepts, or civic concepts. In "Civilizing the Economy I tried to develop a civic view of ownership and of property.
The civic is about membership and the rights of members to control their lives, rather than have their lives control by owners. Ownership, in my view, should rest on a civic foundation."
- Marvin Brown (email, August 2013)
Subcategories
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
Pages in category "Peerproperty"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 814 total.
(previous page) (next page)A
- Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz on the End of Ownership in the Internet of Things Era
- Abundance vs. Scarcity
- Access to Land
- Accumulation by Dispossession
- Advancing the Concept of Public Goods
- Adventure Economy
- Agrarian Commons Model
- Agrarian Trust
- Agricultural Land Trust
- Agroecology and the Commons
- Airwaves Trust
- Alanna Hartzok on Why the Earth Belongs to Everyone
- Alternative Forms of Common-Interest Communities
- Alternative Left-Libertarian Means of Privatizing State Property
- Alternative Models of Ownership
- Alternative Modes of Land Tenure and Housing Production in Thailand
- Alternative Ownership in the US
- America Beyond Capitalism
- Ana Miranda
- Annemarie Naylor
- Annemarie Naylor on Digital Asset and Enterprise Development by Communities
- Antagonistic Usage of the Commons Concept
- Anti-Rivalness of Free Software
- Anti-Rivalry
- Anticommons Property
- Aquifer Trust
- Artificial Property Rights
- Assembly
- Asset Sharing
- Asset Transfer
- Asset Transfer Unit
- Asset Transfer Unit (UK)
- Asset-Based Community Development
- Asset-Based Community Development Institute
- Asset-Based Egalitarianism
- Assets in Common
- Asymmetric Competition
- Atlas of Ownership
- Atmospheric Trust Lawsuits
- Authorization and Governance in Virtual Worlds
- Axel Bruns on Produsage
B
- B Lab
- Behind the Meter Community Energy Projects
- Benefit Sharing
- Bioregional Trusts
- Bit Assets
- Bitshares
- Blake Jones of Namaste Solar on Democratic Energy Cooperatives
- Blockchain Property Rights Project
- Block’s Corollary on Property Rights
- Bondeni Community Land Trust in Kenya
- Brianna and Nuno on the Stocksy United Artist-Owned Cooperative
- Bringing the Power of the Law to Environmental Stewardship with Common Property Rights
- Building a Stakeholder Society as an Alternative to the Market and the State
- Business Models for the Commons
- Buy This Satellite
C
- Camille Canon on Designing and Distributing Ownership for Crypto
- Can Historical Forms of Commons Governance Be Used To Manage Contemporary Global Commons
- Can We Do It Ourselves
- Canonical Contributor Agreement
- Capital Commons Trusts
- Capital Homestead
- Capital Partnership
- Capitalism Is the Total Desacralization of Property
- Car Sharing
- Case for Economic Democracy
- Case for New Models of Public Ownership
- Case for Universal Property
- Case Studies Exploring Principles for Data Stewardship
- Catch Share Fishing
- Center for Economic and Social Justice
- CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights
- Challenge Corporate Control of Water
- Champlain Housing Trust
- China's Proudhonian Land Ownership System
- China's Shareholding Cooperative System
- Choosing the Right Form of Common Property
- Chris Cook on Capital Partnerships
- Chris Cook on Property Protocols
- Chris Cook on Regenerative Land Partnership
- Christian Community of Goods Through the Centuries
- Citizen Assets Board
- Citizen Assets Programme in Barcelona
- Citizen Owned Internet
- Citizen Ownership
- Citizen Trusts
- Citizen's Trust
- Citizen-Owned WiFi Meshwork
- Citizens Own Renewable Energy Network Australia
- City Street Trust
- Civic Membership vs Market Ownership
- Civic Trust
- Clan-Based Usage and Property Rights in Afican Forest Commons
- CLT Brussels
- Club Model of Cultural Consumption and Distribution
- Co-operative Land Bank
- Coalition of Artists and Share Holders
- Code
- Cohere - Global Member-Owned Coliving Community
- Cohousing Directory
- Coin Street Community Builders
- Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Commons
- Collective One
- Common
- Common Asset Trusts
- Common Asset Trusts for Integrated Natural Capital Stewardship
- Common Asset Trusts for Ocean Commons
- Common Cause
- Common Company
- Common Futures
- Common Goods
- Common Ground
- Common Ground Trust
- Common Heritage of Mankind
- Common in Commonism
- Common Land
- Common Land Ideology in US History
- Common Lands Network
- Common Law
- Common Ownership
- Common Ownership Self-Assessed Tax
- Common Pool Resource
- Common Pool Resource Property Rights
- Common Property
- Common Property Economics
- Common Property in Free Market Anarchism
- Common Property Regime
- Common Property Resources
- Common Property Rights Project
- Common Property Theory
- Common Property vs Public Property
- Common Rights vs Collective Rights
- Common Stock Commons
- Common Urban Assets
- Common Wealth
- Common Wealth Propertization
- Common Wealth Propertization vs. Common Wealth Privatization
- Common Wealth Trusts
- Common Wealth Trusts as Structures of Transition
- Commoning and Property Law
- Commonland Foundation
- Commonly Owned Land of Barbuda
- Commons - Typology
- Commons and Cooperatives
- Commons and Primitive Accumulation
- Commons and the Republican Philosophy of Property
- Commons as a Legal Concept
- Commons as Property
- Commons Credit
- Commons Economy
- Commons Equity Society
- Commons Law
- Commons Society Foundation
- Commons Trusts
- Commons Trusts FAQ
- Commons-Based Reciprocity Licenses
- Commons-Based Reciprocity Licenses To Advance Reciprocity for the Commons
- Communal Property
- Community Benefit Societies
- Community Broadband Networks
- Community Controlled Digital Infrastructure
- Community Development Corporations
- Community Energy
- Community Energy in Germany
- Community Energy in the UK
- Community Energy Strategy
- Community Enterprise
- Community Farmland Trusts
- Community Forests
- Community Heat Partnerships
- Community Investment Corporation
- Community Investment Enterprises
- Community Knowledge Hub for Libraries
- Community Land
- Community Land Ownership Outperforms Private
- Community Land Partnership
- Community Land Partnership for Rural Housing in Scotland
- Community Land Trust Brussels
- Community Land Trust Directory - North America
- Community Land Trust of Brussels
- Community Land Trust Reader
- Community Land Trusts
- Community Land Trusts (UK)
- Community Lands
- Community Managed Libraries
- Community Owned and Operated Cellular Networks
- Community Ownership
- Community Renewable Energy
- Community Renewable Energy Webinar
- Community Right to Bid
- Community Shares
- Community Shares Marketplace
- Community Shares Practitioner Network
- Community Shares Unit
- Community Source Software
- Community Staking
- Community Sufficiency Technologies