= Different types of small-scale manufacturing machines such as 3D printers, laser cutters, and programmable sewing machines, combined with an electronic design blueprint, enable people to create a wide range of objects. [1]

Introductory Citations

Personalized design and manufacturing machines will be an emancipating technology, creating freedom for people to work and play independently in ways that were previously restricted to an elite few.

- Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman [2]

Since personal fabrication technologies remove the barriers of investment in heavy machinery and specialized operator skill, consumers, for the first time since the era of artisan craft production, will lead the design and manufacturing process.

- Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman [3]

“Transformative change happens when industries democratize, when they’re ripped from the sole domain of companies, governments, and other institutions and handed over to regular folks. The Internet democratized publishing, broadcasting, and communications, and the consequence was a massive increase in the range of both participation and participants in everything digital — the long tail of bits. Now the same is happening to manufacturing — the long tail of things.”

- Chris Anderson, The Long Tail [4]

Imagine applying online retail models to custom manufacturing, where consumers would locate and purchase niche objects from makers and designers all over the globe, no mass produced products need apply.

- Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman [5]

Description

Evaluation:

Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman:

"Manufacturing is not a “virtual” but a physical activity, and that a growing community of do-it-yourself (DIY) hobbyists, while intriguing, does not constitutes a “real” industrial revolution.16 We believe that the future of industrial manufacturing lies between traditional mass manufacturing and the emerging world of custom, personal-scale manufacturing. Personal manufacturing technologies are developing rapidly, but our incumbent mass manufacturing paradigm still offers better economies of scale and established supply chain and distribution infrastructures." (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

Summary of Driving Forces

Resource and Energy Depletion

Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman:

"Offshored goods are burdened by high shipping costs and complex, inflexible remote management challenges. The cost of shipping containers is rising, as eight years ago, the cost to ship a 56 meter container was about $2,000; today the shipping cost for the same container is more than $5,0009. Due to the rising cost of shipping, large products such as washers, dryers and refrigerators continue to be manufactured in the U.S." (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

Converging Forces that are Personalizing Manufacturing Technologies

Table: Converging Forces that are Personalizing Manufacturing Technologies

See the Factory@Home report, pp. 36-37 [6]

Introduction by Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman:

"The same forces that transformed information technologies will introduce the descendents of industrial manufacturing technologies and design software into our daily lives.

Personalized design and manufacturing machines will be an emancipating technology, creating freedom for people to work and play independently in ways that were previously restricted to an elite few.

According to Marshall Burns, previous emancipating technologies in human history were the book (enabled by the invention of the printing press), cars (enabled by new roads and gas stations) and now personal fabrication (enabled by 3D design software). What this random collection of technologies has in common is that they entered the lives of everyday people in a gradual way as the technology dropped in price, became easy to use, and accumulated a critical mass of applications, fellow users, or supportive infrastructure such as roads or high speed Internet. While mainstream adoption of personal manufacturing technologies is a few decades away, the manufacturing industry will experience the same forces that brought us YouTube, laptops, mobile phones and online retailers." (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

Comparing the industrial revolution to the personal manufacturing industrial revolution

Table: Comparing the Industrial Revolution to the Personal Manufacturing Industrial Revolution

See the Factory@Home report, pp. 40 [7]

Comments:

'The mass manufacturing model that took over in the previous century relies on economies of scale and therefore, cannot cheaply and quickly produce single items, custom items, or small batches of objects in response to customer demand." (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

Example

"A leading example of the power of personal-scale manufacturing technologies is Mark Kendrick. Kendrick designs beautiful custom model train parts. His designs are captured in software blueprints and sold online. Rather than selling his unique model train part designs to large toy companies that would mass produce them, instead, Kendrick targets hobbyist model train enthusiasts that own, or have access to their own small-scale manufacturing machine. Since the cost of manufacturing a custom train part on a small-scale 3D printer is only $25, Kendrick’s niche market of loyal consumers can afford to manufacture their own train parts -- no investment in factory-scale production is needed. Imagine if a model train enthusiast purchased Kendrick’s electronic blueprint and tried to produce the stainless steel train cowcatcher (shown in the figure) in a factory. The high cost of setting up a factory infrastructure would be well out of the reach of the average consumer. Unless a commercial toymaker was confident Kendrick’s custom designs would sell in large numbers, she would probably not invest in the set up costs; the market for custom cowcatchers is too small to warrant the costs of setting up large scale production. Personal-scale manufacturing tools are automated artisans: they combine the power of computer-guided manufacturing machines with the skilled artisan’s ability to create custom objects for niche markets. Unlike artisan or large-scale factory production, however, personal manufacturing is a low cost process that doesn’t require investment in an assembly line, or a skilled artisan."

The Personal Manufacturing Industry=

For details see: [Personal Manufacturing Industry]] and Personal Manufacturing Machines

Tools

See: Personal Manufacturing Tools

Typology of Personal Manufacturing Machines (Hardware)

         o 5.1.1 Desktop 3D Printers
         o 5.1.2 Desktop CNC Routing and Milling Machines
         o 5.1.3 Desktop Laser Cutters and Engravers
         o 5.1.4 Desktop Sewing and Embroidering Machines
         o 5.1.5 Desktop Circuit Makers

Computer-Aided Design Software

         o 5.2.1 CAD Tools

Players

   * 6.1 Personal Manufacturing Machine Makers
   * 6.2 Personal Manufacturing Companies
   * 6.3 Electronic Design Blueprint Aggregators
   * 6.4 Personal Manufacturing Electronic Blueprint Designers
   * 6.5 Personal Manufacturing Consortia
         o 6.5.1 100K Garages

Players

Personal Manufacturing Machine Makers

Personal Manufacturing Companies

Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman:

"A new breed of ... personal manufacturing companies, sometimes called “makers” ... is emerging.

eMachineShop

URL = http://www.emachineshop.com/

provides easy, convenient and low-cost fabrication of custom parts via the web.

"Customers can design whatever part they need using emachineshop’s CAD tools. Once the electronic blueprint is complete, users get an instant quote and can order the part to be made in the material of their choice. Users have ordered toys, car parts, electronic devices, games and more. Industrial machine parts are sold at eMachineshop."

Big Blue Saw.

URL = http://www.bigbluesaw.com

Like eMachineShop, Big Blue Saw offers users its own CAD tools so they can design wood, fabric, metal or plastic parts for prototypes and small project. Their web site describes the process as: 1) Create a design using the Big Blue Saw Designer or your favorite design software. 2) Upload your design to our website to get an instant price quote and to order. 3) We will ship you your custom metal, plastic, wood, or fabric object, typically within 3 business days.

Materialise

URL = http://www.materialise-mgx.com

a Belgium-based company that designs and manufactures high end art, housewares, jewelry and other luxury items in-house. Materialise hires professional designers to create blueprints of stunning usable objects that users purchase from their web site; if customization is desired, customers work with the professional designer to alter basic design parameters such as the size or color of the object.

i.materialise [8] is an experimental spin-off from Materialise.

i.materialise is an on-line service that offers 3D printing services of custom designs made by consumers. Consumers first manufacture their own designs using Google Sketchup. They get an account on i.materialise follow a series of simple steps to turn their electronic blueprints into reality using the site’s easy pull-down menu selection of surface textures, colors and other design features. After customers select their design, i.materialise manufactures their design using 3D printers.

Print23D – Pennsylvania, US.

URL = http://www.printo3d.com

Print23D offers 3D printing services for Fortune 500 companies to regular people who have CAD designs they’d like to try out. A small print job costs about $50 while a five or six inch square object may cost about $400 to 3D print. Print23D’s focus is on industrial and machine parts, not consumers and product designs.

Electronic Design Blueprint Aggregators

Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman:

"Aggregators are companies that host online catalogs of electronic design blueprints for available products, machine parts and other objects. Like amazon.com or eBay, aggregators offer storefronts for third party merchants such as designers. Some aggregators like shapeways.com also offer fabrication services, while others offer small-scale manufacturing services, while others, such as Ponoko, act as brokers between consumers, designers and makers.

Two of the pioneering companies are Shapeways and Ponoko.

Ponoko

– Location: New Zealand.

"On Ponoko’s web site, consumers, designers, makers and materials suppliers register for accounts and come together online. Consumers can design their own product using Ponoko’s starter kit design software and fabricate their chosen product themselves, on their own fabber. Or, consumers can download free and purchasable software design blueprints, and if they don’t have access to their own home manufacturing machine, can post a request via an online form to tap into Ponoko’s “making hubs” to have a nearby maker nearby do the fabrication. Ponoko’s materials suppliers sell paper, fabric, metal, rubber and wood alongside sophisticated hardware components such as accelerometers, sensors, GPS and wireless antennas."

Shapeways

– Location: The Netherlands and New York.

Shapeways is the leading aggregator with a large online collection of sophisticated designs that range from toys to art to machine parts. Shapeways has a manufacturing space that contains several 3D printers that fabricate customer designs. Products are sold via a number of different storefronts that each feature a different designer. Consumers select a design from a designer who runs their own online storefront or consumers can make their own design using Shapeway’s proprietary design tools. Shapeways employees offer user support and design advice, if needed. Consumers and designers interact directly if the user has a special request. The more active designers on Shapeways earn several thousand euro a month from selling their designs."

Personal Manufacturing Electronic Blueprint Designers

Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman:

"designers create electronic blueprints for all types of personal fabrication technologies (i.e. CNC routers, laser cutters, sewing machines), the majority of designers focus on 3D printed objects."

* Unfold design studios.

Location: Belgium.

Unfold studios was founded in 2002 by Claire Warnier and Dries Verbruggen. They design and sell a wide variety of contemporary custom-designed and made furniture, household goods and jewelry.

* Nervous System.

URL = http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com

Location: Massachusetts, United States.

Nervous System was founded in 2007 by Jessica Rosenkrantz and Jesse Louis-Rosenberg. Nervous System 3D prints computer generated designs to produce affordable art, jewelry, and housewares.

* Bathsheba:

URL = http://www.bathsheba.com

Location: California, United States.

Bathsheba Grossman is one of the world’s leading 3D printing designers. She creates sculptures and math models, what she calls “ handheld geometry” out of 3D printed metal." (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

Personal Manufacturing Consortia

100K Garages

"100KGarages is a partnership between Ponoko, a New Zealand-based aggregator of custom blueprint designs and a North Carolina-based company ShopBot Tools, a company that makes and sells both small scale and industrial CNC routing manufacturing machines. 100KGarages.com is an online, decentralized community of consumers, small manufacturers (makers) and designers. Once they register for an account on the 100Kgarages web site, makers (or manufacturers), designers and consumers become part of a sprawling, unregulated, global, virtual design and production ecosystem. The makers (makers must own a ShopBot to participate on the site) post a profile about their workshop’s unique manufacturing capabilities. The designers post their design ideas online in the form of electronic blueprints, or CAD designs. The consumers post descriptions of the objects they would like to have manufactured, including their ideal purchase price, delivery date and product specs. Consumers browse designs online and when they find an object they’d like to have custom-made, the action turns to the online Job Site. On the online Job Site, consumers invite bids and negotiate directly with the maker on project details, design issues, cost and so on. When a deal between a customer and maker is struck, the customer sends payment to the maker for labor and materials, production begins, and the item is shipped to the consumer when finished. Quality control is consumer reviews of their experience with various makers and designers." (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

Status

Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman:

"Personal manufacturing is where personal computing was in the 1970s, before the advent of home-scale computers and consumer software. Recent rapid technological advances in personal manufacturing technology, combined with shrinking costs of machines, increasingly available design software and raw manufacturing materials, plus most peoples’ tendency to conduct more daily activities online, are tipping personal fabrication from the realm of hobbyists and pioneers to the mainstream." (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

The Market for Personal Manufacturing

2011

Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman:

"Hard market data about consumer and industry use of personal manufacturing technologies is scarce.

The growth of personal manufacturing technologies for everyday consumer use is driven by a small but growing worldwide community of “power users,” self-selected highly skilled enthusiasts.

Online communities of personal fabrication enthusiasts mingle on sites such as Make and swap designs on Google’s 3D Warehouse and Shapeway’s online marketplace."

There’s no market research firm that tracks consumer machine sales, nor the number of installed machines, nor what types of services and products the machines are being used to provide.

We have slightly better data about personal manufacturing technologies in the industrial space, but again, it’s incomplete for several reasons.

The commercial 3D printer space offers the most solid market research data thanks to the meticulous research conducted by Terry Wohlers and compiled in the annual Wohlers Report, the leading market research publication for the 3D print industry. The Wohlers Report tracks sales, applications and other news of 3D printing service providers and machine makers.

The industries that most commonly request 3D manufacturing services are consumer products/electronics, cars, the medical profession and companies that make industrial and business machines. The 3D printed objects most commonly requested by these industries are functional models, machine parts, visual aids and patterns for prototype tooling.

The Wohlers Report data suggests that consumer companies, the auto industry, and specialized parts companies could someday provide a foundation for a new manufacturing ecosystem made up of 3D printing services providers that specialize in rapid prototyping and on-the-fly machine part production services.

In terms of machine sales, commercial activity and services revenue, the 3D printing marketplace still belongs to industrial-scale, not personal-scale machines.

Wohlers’ market data offers hints that this may be changing.

In 2009, the biggest companies that made and sold 3D printers together earned a total of about $312 million in machine sales.

Market demand, however, may be shifting towards low-end 3D commercial printers. Last year, revenue across all reporting 3D printer companies indicated that 3D printer sales experienced their first-ever decline, dropping 13% from the year before.9 In the same timeframe, however, the total *number* of 3D printers sold increased by almost 20%, suggesting that while total sales revenue earned by 3D printer-makers declined, the number of units sold of low-cost 3D printers increased significantly. Wohlers’ data could suggest that 3D printers are on their way to becoming a commodity item, like laptops and other computing hardware.

It’s possible that as market demand increases for smaller, cheaper industrial 3D printers and the cost of these printers continues to drop, machine manufacturers will sell higher volumes of lower-cost printers to compensate for shrinking profit margins.

Recently, a leading home-scale 3D printer company, Bits from Bytes, was acquired by 3D Systems, an established industrial 3D printer manufacturer.

...

We mention Christensen’s work (on the Innovator's Dilemmahere to call attention to the possibility that personal manufacturing technologies have the potential to disrupt the dominance of their larger, more powerful industrial cousins in the manufacturing machine marketplace. The average selling price of an industrial-scale 3D printer continues to drop. In 2007, the average cost of a commercial-scale 3D printer was $77,000; in 2008, the cost was $70,000 in 2008; in 2009, the average price dropped further, to $52,0009.

...

Most personal manufacturing machines are sold into the hobbyist space, a market that currently is too small to appeal to companies that make and sell large and costly manufacturing machines. However incumbent companies may find that low-cost, personal-scale manufacturing technologies are increasingly capable of taking over tasks that used to be the domain of larger, more expensive machines. Someday, if home-scale manufacturing technologies continue to improve at their current pace, personal fabrication technologies will creep up market, disrupting the dominance of costly, feature-laden, factory-scale manufacturing machines. " (http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/FactoryAtHome.pdf)

Personal Manufacturing

Contents

Introductory Citations

Description

Summary of Driving Forces

Resource and Energy Depletion

Converging Forces that are Personalizing Manufacturing Technologies

Comparing the industrial revolution to the personal manufacturing industrial revolution

Example

The Personal Manufacturing Industry=

Tools

Players

Players

Personal Manufacturing Machine Makers

Personal Manufacturing Companies

Electronic Design Blueprint Aggregators

Personal Manufacturing Electronic Blueprint Designers

Personal Manufacturing Consortia

100K Garages

Status

The Market for Personal Manufacturing

2011

Directory

Architecture and Design

Clothing

Electronics

Food

Manufacturing

Publishing

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