All public logs

Combined display of all available logs of P2P Foundation. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive).

• 08:09, 13 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Web5 (Created page with " '''= "Web5, as a new paradigm that integrates the usability of Web2 with the decentralized values of Web3".''' [https://talk.nervos.org/t/web5/8674/2] =Description= Hong Zhou: "Web5, as a new paradigm that integrates the usability of Web2 with the decentralized values of Web3, attempts to reconstruct the relationship between technology and society, providing a possible direction for overcoming the current nihilistic predicament. Web5 is not a simple technological u...")
• 06:46, 13 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Dialectic of Domination and Development (Created page with " =Discussion= Charles McKelvey: "Conquest has been central to human history, and it has been an important motor for human economic and moral development, providing the foundation for empires and civilizations. Conquest provided the conquering power with the economic and human resources that enabled the development of a class liberated from food gathering or food production, freed to pursue not only advances in the art of war, but also advances in commerce, science, tec...")
• 06:18, 13 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Electro States vs Petro States (Created page with " '''= "we’re heading into an energy-tech cold war defined by electrification vs. hydrocarbons, with China trying to win the load (electrons, motors, grids) while a loose petro-alignment (US–Saudi–Russia) tries to keep price, molecules, and chokepoints on its side".''' [https://thecuttingfloor.substack.com/p/electro-v-petro] =Contextual Quote= "The climate will not be decided by which bloc “wins,” but by which habits scale. If the habit is electrons over mole...")
• 11:34, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Monetary Commons (Created page with " '''= proposal for a public trust fund paying a personal dividend 'to each'''' URL = https://monetarycommons.com =Policy= A proposal by Yanis Varoufakis: "Imagine a trust fund for everyone paying a personal dividend to each. Now imagine a common, a public digital platform, let’s call it a Monetary Commons, that harnesses our collective capacity to create the money needed to fund this personal dividend for all. The idea of a personal or basic income is not new, o...")
• 10:54, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Media Panic (Created page with " =Description= Frank Furedi: "Kirsten Drotner has used the term media panic – that is a panic about the media -to highlight the recurrent tendency for change and innovation of the media to incite anxiety and fear[iii] . Such reactions were a response to the expansion of both publishing and the reading public in the 18th century. The expansion of the media and its commercialization created an environment where competing views and opinions helped foster a climate where...")
• 10:48, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Living-Infrastructure Field Kit (Created page with " = in Los Angeles. =Description= John Thackara: "Living infrastructure is the practice of bringing together built, natural, and social systems in ways that help people and places thrive. Stormwater harvesting and storage – in small to very large cisterns or tanks, at homes, schools, and industrial and commercial facilities – can significantly increase local water supplies, and reduce flooding and pollution. Water conservation, reuse, and infiltration are also al...")
• 10:44, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Probiotic Cities (Created page with "'''= "microbiome-integrated design for healthy urban ecosystems"'''. =Description= By Jake M. Robinson, et al. "Combining microbiome science and biointegrated design offers opportunities to help address the intertwined challenges of urban ecosystem degradation and human disease. Biointegrated materials have the potential to combat superbugs and remediate pollution while inoculating landscape materials with microbiota can promote human immunoregulation and biodiverse...")
• 10:38, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Eden X (Created page with " '''= "agentic AI as an assistant to the natural farmer".''' URL = https://edenx.pt/about John Thackara: "Agentic AI represents a fundamental shift towards decentralised community-based models. In Portugal, EdenX is a digital platform that rehearses more than human modes of dialogue about rivers, their constituents and their rights. On the monitors of the installation present at the Nova Sintra Water Reservoir, conversations are presented between groups of people...")
• 06:17, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Bibliography for Monetary Reform (Created page with " =Bibliography= Excerpted from a compilation by Michel Foata-Prestavoine: Aglietta, M., & Orléan, A. (1982). La violence de la monnaie. Presses Universitaires de France. Blanc, J. (2011). Les monnaies complémentaires. Un outil pour la transition ? Éditions Yves Michel. Douthwaite, R. (1999). The Ecology of Money. Schumacher Briefings / Green Books. Graeber, D. (2011). Debt: The First 5000 Years. Melville House. Lietaer, B. (2001). The Future of Money. Century....")
• 05:53, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Heliodependent Societal Cycles (Created page with " =More information= '''* Article: Space weather and revolutions: chizevsky's heliobiological claim scrutinized. Suitbert Ertel. Institute fur Psychologie, January 1996''' URL = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283674647_Space_weather_and_revolutions_chizevsky's_heliobiological_claim_scrutinized =Description= "Chizhevski's 1921 claim of a relationship between solar activity and revolutionary mass behavior is scrutinized. A Master Index of Violence-from-belo...")
• 05:49, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Rurality 2.0 (Created page with " =Discussion= ==“Rurality 2.0: The Seed of Megalopolis Resilience== (translated from the French) Frédéric Bosqué: Our big cities give the illusion of being indestructible, but in reality, they are fragile—like giants with feet of clay. A megalopolis depends on constant supplies from the outside. If those flows are interrupted, the city comes to a standstill. The recent pandemic made this clear: it only takes a few days of disruption for supermarket shelves to...")
• 05:44, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Social Noumena (Created page with " =Description= Synthesis by DeepSeek, based on the work by O.G. Rose: “Based on the writings and video transcripts of O.G. Rose (a collaborative pen name for Daniel and T.K.), the concept of "social noumena" is a philosophical idea that extends Immanuel Kant’s distinction between noumena (things as they are in themselves, beyond perception) and phenomena (things as they appear to us) into the social and interpersonal realm. =Characteristics= Key Aspects of Socia...")
• 05:23, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Two Invisible Hands of Adam Smith (Created page with " =Discussion= O.G. Rose: "In Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, the emphasis is on a “high order” coordination that spreads ethics and empathy, whereas in The Wealth of Nations, Smith is using the same metaphor to describe what we more commonly today understand “the invisible hand” to be describing: ‘As every individual, therefore, endeavors as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry th...")
• 05:20, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Hikikomorism (Created page with " =Description= O.G. Rose: "“Hikikomorism” refers to the growing trend of people who rarely leave their apartments or homes, except maybe here and there for food and basic necessities (which can increasingly be delivered). The social phenomenon was first noted in Japan, mostly with young men who basically gave up on society, family, and career. Japan is notoriously a “shame culture,” and those who fail to excel in school and work can be made to feel absolutely...")
• 04:58, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Towards an Archipelago of Regenerative Places (Created page with " =Text= Michel Bauwens, October 2025: Towards an Archipelago of Regenerative Places? What does the third-place in Court-Saint-Etienne represent? What is the context that makes this project something which is not only anchored in a specific place, but also transcends it? The context is indeed a kind of general crisis of the societal model that is the product of Western modernity, and which has been adopted worldwide. But this model has reached its limits, and its 'in...")
• 03:46, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Brett Scott on Resisting the Cashless Society (Created page with " Video via https://www.asomo.co/p/why-you-should-resist-cashless-society "In a cashless society you’re permanently fused to Big Finance and Big Tech with no way to escape. In this video I give 10 reasons for why that’s a bad way to arrange our economy and our society." Category:Webcasts Category:Money ")
• 03:39, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Uniswap (Created page with " =Description= Blockchain for Good: "Uniswap is a protocol with two functions: a DEX* (Decentralized Exchange) and an AMM (Automated Market Maker). A DEX allows users to exchange their crypto-assets for other crypto-assets, for example exchange CICs for Sarafus. To do this, Uniswap relies on “liquidity providers” who deposit crypto-assets in reserves, being remunerated for this through transaction fees levied on traders, those who exchange crypto-assets (their amo...")
• 03:29, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Crypto-Economic Aspects of the Sarafu Kenyan-Based Grassroots Economics Project (Created page with " =Discussion= ==Crypto-Economic Aspects of the Sarafu Kenyan-Based Grassroots Economics Project== Excerpted from an interview with Blockchain for Good. Will Ruddick: "While Grassroots’ technology is built on a blockchain, it is important to note that the people using the CICs do not know that they are using this technology. Indeed, the user interface has been designed to be easy to learn. The wallet used by Grassroots Economics is a custodial wallet, meaning th...")
• 03:29, 11 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Community Inclusion Currencies (Created page with " =Description= Will Ruddick: "The CICs represent a form of reappropriation by the communities of their medium of exchange. Indeed, some Kenyan villages are completely deprived of monetary instruments during periods of economic crisis. This is due to the colonial implementation of money, which has left many of these communities completely deprived of money during these times. To solve this problem, we have developed electronic vouchers collateralized on goods and servic...")
• 13:36, 10 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Benjamin Studebaker, Michel Bauwens and O.G. Rose on the Revolutionary Subject in the Current Transition (Created page with " Video via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSm6hTytv_M =Description= Hosted by Tim Adalin of Voicecraft: "What are the prospects of social and political revolution? How can we understand revolutionary subjectivity today? Who, what, when, and where is the revolutionary subject? Inspired by a Philosophy Portal conversation between Cadell Last and Michel Bauwens, this dialogue welcomes political theorist Benjamin Studebaker, philosopher O.G. Rose, and Commons / Civilisat...")
• 09:04, 10 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Data Science as Machinic Neoplatonism (Created page with " '''* Dialogue with Tim Jackson about Dan McQuillan's Critique of Data Science as "Machinic Platonism"''' Video via https://footnotes2plato.substack.com/p/in-defense-of-participatory-platonism =Description= Matthew Segal: "Timothy Jackson and I discussed Dan McQuillan’s article “Data Science as Machinic Neoplatonism” (2018). McQuillan should be praised for his prescience in acknowledging the dangerous potentials of algorithmic discrimination and the evasion o...")
• 08:57, 10 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Civilizational White Holes (Created page with " =Description= Will Ruddick: "In Buddhist tradition, a Bodhisattva is one who attains awakening but chooses to remain … to assist all beings in reaching liberation. In this cosmic-evolutionary light, the Bodhisattva is like a conscious agent at the event horizon … hovering between black hole collapse and white hole emergence. They carry the memory of the past (black hole) and seed the conditions for awakening (white hole). The Bodhisattva enters the black holes...")
• 08:56, 10 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page White Holes (Created page with " * see also: Civilizational White Holes =Description= Will Ruddick explains: "Across the curvature of spacetime, there are regions where the known laws of physics bend toward mystery. Black holes: the endpoints of stellar collapse, where information compresses beyond the limits of imagination. But what if this isn’t the end? What if on the other side of that collapse, something new begins? Physicists have long speculated about white holes.. the time-reversed...")
• 08:03, 10 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Tokenomic Automatons (Created page with " =Description= Will Ruddick: "Overly automated token contracts that try to manage value and behavior by formula instead of stewardship. They move numbers without reading context, often creating overload, artificial complexity and centralization rather than emergent, relational coordination. Simple, human protocols create clarity; over-engineered tokenomics create fog. Demurrage on a voucher, much like bonding curves, proved too automated for how communities actually c...")
• 07:47, 10 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Kuznets Cycle (Created page with " '''= The Kuznets 'Swing' is a 15-20 year hypothized economic cycle''' =Description= From the Wikipedia: "The Kuznets swing (or Kuznets cycle) is a claimed medium-range economic wave with a period of 15–25 years identified in 1930 by Simon Kuznets. Kuznets connected these waves with demographic processes, in particular with immigrant inflows/outflows and the changes in construction intensity that they caused, that is why he denoted them as "demographic" or "building...")
• 16:18, 9 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Jose Luis Vivero Pol on Treating Food as a Commons (Created page with " Podcast via https://david-bollier.simplecast.com/episodes/jose-luis-vivero-pol-treating-food-as-commons-not-commodites =Description= David Bollier: “How is it possible that extreme hunger and food abundance coexist in today's world? Why is it that food, one of the most fundamental necessities of life, is so scarce for so many people even though the global food system produces so much and wastes so much? These questions have long bothered Jose Luis Vivero Pol, an a...")
• 16:16, 9 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Communal Individuation (Created page with " =Directory= (info below likely produced by ChatGPT) '''* Thinkers Who’ve Moved Jung Toward Communal Contexts''' "Several theorists and practitioners have attempted to bridge Jung’s individualism with collective frameworks: ==1. James Hillman & Archetypal Psychology== Communal Shift: Hillman, a post-Jungian, critiqued Jung’s focus on the individual’s "inner work" and argued for a soul-centric approach tied to culture, ecology, and community. Key Idea:...")
• 15:40, 9 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Urban Ecology Labs in Shanghai (Created page with " URL = ecology.shanghai-visual.org =Description= John Thackara: “In the Ecology and Cultures Innovation Lab at Tongji University in Shanghai, researchers promote the ecological literacy of citizens, and community-scale ecological participation, in ways that support the emergence of Ecological Civilisation in Chinese cities The work begins to enable action at a local level that meets national commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Strengthening fo...")
• 06:48, 9 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Indigenous Insights for Planetary Health and Sustainable Food Systems (Created page with " '''* Book: Indigenous Insights for Planetary Health and Sustainable Food Systems. Learning from International Case Studies. By Shailesh Shukla, Priscilla Settee, Noa Kekuewa Lincoln.''' URL = https://canadianscholars.ca/book/indigenous-insights-for-planetary-health-and-sustainable-food-systems/ =Description= "Cultivating new partnerships with scholars, community organizations, and grassroots practitioners across the globe, this follow-up volume (to 'Indigenous Food...")
• 16:40, 8 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Oxford Bibliography on Food as Commons (Created page with " '''* Bibliography: Food as a Commons. By Jean-Marc Louvin. Food Studies / Oxford Bibliographies.''' URL = https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780197764381/obo-9780197764381-0050.xml =Description= Excerpted from the introduction and ‘general overview’: “Food as a commons is a new narrative around food and food systems. It is a new way of framing the production, distribution, consumption, and post-consumption of food anchored in the idea...")
• 16:27, 8 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page IConscious Model (Created page with "Video: The iConscious Model and the Myths of Enlightenment w/ Ted Strauss URL = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjTQRbXS6No =Description= "iConscious, a groundbreaking framework for accelerating human potential. In this event, we’ll explore how consciousness development can be mapped, measured, and cultivated, both individually and collectively. Drawing from decades of research in psychology, spirituality, and systems theory, Ted will share insights into the iConsc...")
• 16:24, 8 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Transitioning to Post-Growth Cities (Created page with " '''* Article: Transitioning to Post-Growth Cities. By Angelos Varvarousis, Giorgos Kallis, and Maria Kaika. Journal of City Climate Policy and Economy, V 1 N 1''' URL = https://utppublishing.com/doi/pdf/10.3138/jccpe-2025-0006 =ABSTRACT= “Cities around the world depend on growth, but such growth has become, to use Herman Daly’s term, uneconomic—the costs of growth, within and beyond the cities’ boundaries, far exceed the benefits. Post-growth cities are citi...")
• 11:05, 7 October 2025 Asimong talk contribs created page IASC (Redirected page to International Association for the Study of the Commons) Tag: New redirect
• 04:58, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Terricide (Created page with " =Description= Carlos Tornel: “Following Mapuche thinker and defender Moira Millan, call a “terricide” – the systematic destruction of life through extractivism – these struggles are not only about rights or identity. They are about defending the very conditions for existence and opening space for a future built from the ground up, in relationship with others, human and more-than-human alike.” (https://berlinergazette.de/pluriversal-territories-reclaiming-...")
• 04:56, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Epistemic Extractivism (Created page with " =Description= Carlos Tornel: “As Ivan Illich once warned, powerful ideas can be hollowed out and turned into “plastic words” –flexible, fashionable terms that lose their original force. The pluriverse risks becoming one of them. Originally rooted in deep critiques of development, colonialism, and modernity, the concept has been increasingly absorbed into Global North academic discourse in ways that dilute its radical edge. This process, sometimes called episte...")
• 04:54, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Insurgent Universalism (Created page with " =Description= Carlos Tornel: “We need to return to what Japhy Wilson calls “insurgent universality” – a shared struggle that doesn’t erase difference but builds on it. This isn’t about relativism or vague pluralism, but about confronting the systems that deny the existence of other worlds. It means seeing the pluriverse not as a collage of cultures, but as a convergence of struggles that interrupt the dominant order. If the pluriverse is to remain a force...")
• 04:51, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Vitalik Buterin on Mitigating AI (Created page with " =Discussion= Vitalik Buterin: “Slowing down superintelligent AI is still good. It's less risky if superintelligent AI comes in 10 years than in 3 years, and it's even less risky if it comes in 30 years. Giving our civilization more time to prepare is good. How to do this is a challenging question. I think it's generally good that the proposed 10 year ban on state-level AI regulation in the US was rejected, but, especially after the failure of earlier proposals like...")
• 04:45, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Identity Politics and the Empire of Norms (Created page with " '''* Book: The Crisis of Culture: Identity Politics And The Empire of Norms,” Olivier Roy''' =Discussion= Nathan Gardels: "Olivier Roy traces the origins of today’s pushback in the West to the ethos of the “desiring individual” that arose with the youth rebellion of the 1960s. That ethos, which sought liberation from the staid shackles of historically inherited and dominant traditions, coursed through all aspects of society over its long march through establ...")
• 04:40, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Search for Unconventional Terrestrial Intelligence (Created page with " =Description= Mike Levin: "SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, is one of those scientific endeavors that not only would have enormous impacts if it were to succeed, but is fascinating in itself, regardless of whether anything is found. Embarking on the search for alien life forces us to ask fundamental questions in science and philosophy. What exactly are we looking for – how do we know if we’ve found it? What is intelligence, defined broadly enoug...")
• 03:32, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Hyperhumanism (Created page with " '''= "a counterpoint to transhumanism. Instead of outsourcing our intelligence to machines, hyperhumanism asks us to reclaim the innate capacities of the human body, imagination, and relational field".''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO01BVw1Ls8] =More information= * Video: Carl Hayden Smith on Hyperhumanism Category:Webcasts Category:Movements Category:P2P Futures ")
• 03:30, 7 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Carl Hayden Smith on Hyperhumanism (Created page with " Video via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO01BVw1Ls8 =Description= Rudy De Waele: "Carl introduces hyperhumanism as a counterpoint to transhumanism. Instead of outsourcing our intelligence to machines, hyperhumanism asks us to reclaim the innate capacities of the human body, imagination, and relational field. He reminds us: we may not yet be fully human. The task is not optimisation, but slowing down, listening deeply, and inhabiting our natural limits with gr...")
• 08:00, 6 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Charles Marohn on the U.S. Strong Towns Movement (Created page with " Video via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7FnbCShBKc =Description= "America was a place of untold wealth in the post-war period. But today, many small towns are faltering and facing financial collapse. In this podcast, Strong Towns founder and president Charles Marohn sits down with Marc Barnes and Jacob Hyman to discuss how this collapse came about, and how to rebuild the small town." Category:Webcasts Category:Urbanism ")
• 02:17, 5 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Informational Theory of the New Authoritarianism (Created page with " '''* Article: How Modern Dictators Survive: An Informational Theory of the New Authoritarianism. By Sergei Guriev and Daniel Treisman.''' URL = https://eui.eu/Documents/DepartmentsCentres/Economics/Seminarsevents/Guriev-Micro.pdf =Description= "We develop an informational theory of dictatorship. Dictators survive not because of their use of force or ideology but because they convince the public—rightly or wrongly—that they are competent. Citizens do not observe...")
• 09:46, 4 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Staking (Created page with " =Description= Blockchain for Good: "Staking involves a user immobilizing and locking tokens in a smart contract. The protocol randomly assigns one of the participants the right to validate a block of transactions and receive a token reward. The "proof-of-stake" mechanism encourages users to lock up their tokens, as the probability of being chosen to validate a block of transactions is proportional to the number of tokens locked. The more tokens a user has locked, the...")
• 09:37, 4 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Crypto-Economic Aspects of the EthicHub Financing Model (Created page with " =Interview= ==The Crypto-Economic Aspects of the EthicHub Financing Model== From an interview of Blockchain for Good with the founder, Jori Armbruster. Translated from the French. * "BfG: '''Let's start with the stablecoin* lending solution you are developing. How do the farmers convert the xDAI into their local currency?''' JA: For conversions, we rely on established exchange platforms. For example, in Mexico, it's [https://bitso.com/ Bitso]. The farmer coopera...")
• 09:18, 4 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Plural Community (Created page with " =Description= Paul Mueller: "The plural community, seems the most attractive to classical liberals—though also to many conservatives. It shares the ecological community’s deep suspicion and dislike of centralized political power and sovereignty. It advocates voluntary associations and intermediate institutions both to preserve tradition and to protect individual liberty. Yet the kind of liberty pluralists concern themselves with is very different from how advocate...")
• 09:17, 4 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Robert Nisbet's Typology of Societal Communities (Created page with " =Typology= * Plural Community * Revolutionary, cfr Robert Nisbet on the Tragic Aspects of Revolutionary Communities as Civilizational Forms‎ * Religious, see: Robert Nisbet on How the Religious Community and Civilizational Form Differs from the Political and the Military Form‎ * Military: ** Feudalism as a Militaristic Community‎ ** Robert Nisbet on the Military-Civilizational Transition in Ancient Rome‎ ** Robert Nisbet on the Milit...")
• 09:06, 4 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page Public AI Intelligence (Created page with " =Discussion= Kevin Kelly: "Imagine 50 years from now a Public Intelligence that was a distributed, open-source, non-commercial artificial intelligence, operated like the internet, and available to the whole world. This public AI would be a federated system, not owned by any one entity, but powered by millions of participants to create an aggregate intelligence beyond what one host could offer. Public intelligence could be thought of as an inter-intelligence, an AI co...")
• 12:09, 3 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page OpenxAI Network (Created page with " URL = http://openxai.org "OpenxAI is '''a P2P permissionless AI protocol'''. What Bitcoin did for money, OpenxAI does for intelligence. Anyone anywhere can launch own and monetize AI apps agents and services fully on chain. No banks. No corporations. No gatekeepers. Intelligence becomes open sovereign unstoppable and GPU compute turns liquid with tokenized credits (tGPU). Built by core contributors from Fantom, Solana, ICP, Binance, NEAR, and AragonDAO, OpenxAI runs e...")
• 12:09, 3 October 2025 Mbauwens talk contribs created page P2P Permissionless AI Protocol (Created page with " * See: OpenxAI Network Category:Protocols and Algorithms ")