Context

< " The architectural form of that refusal (of Enclosure) is a protocol substrate. Hold the commons as commons, in open protocols, so the enclosure is impossible in the first place. Build the substrate so the fence cannot be built. " >

- Kaliya Young [1]

Frederic Bosque distinguishes three productive commons:

"Natural commons — water, earth, forest, air, the living.
Human commons — skills, connections, talents, commitments.
Productive commons — tools, buildings, machines, businesses, cooperatives."

([2])

Please read:

Kevin Jones on the Turn to Commons-Based Property : This text is written in the context of Neighborhood Economics and the author Kevin Jones calls it the collective turn. But what he describes is a turn towards common stewardship and even property models.

Categorising Needs

See: Commons-Based Needs

Please note that Carl Mallman's earlier work inspired Max-Neef and that Roberto Verzola expanded on this work by clarifying the concepts of scarcity and abundance:

Well-Being System of Carlos Mallman and the Bariloche Foundation

Roberto Verzola on the Commons-Oriented Economics of Abundance

We also recommend checking our own: Introduction to Commons Economics

The Max-Neef Model of Human-Scale Development

Fundamental Human Needs	Being (qualities)	Having (things)	Doing (actions)	Interacting (settings)
subsistence	physical and mental health	food, shelter work	feed, clothe, rest, work	living environment, social setting
protection	care, adaptability autonomy	social security, health systems, work	co-operate, plan, take care of, help	social environment, dwelling
affection	respect, sense of humour, generosity, sensuality	friendships, family, relationships with nature	share, take care of, make love, express emotions	privacy, intimate spaces of togetherness
understanding	critical capacity, curiosity, intuition	literature, teachers, policies educational	analyse, study,meditate investigate	schools, families universities, communities
participation	receptiveness, dedication, sense of humour	responsibilities, duties, work, rights	cooperate, dissent, express opinions	associations, parties, churches, neighbourhoods
leisure	imagination, tranquillity spontaneity	games, parties, peace of mind	day-dream, remember, relax, have fun	landscapes, intimate spaces, places to be alone
creation	imagination, boldness, inventiveness, curiosity	abilities, skills, work, techniques	invent, build, design, work, compose, interpret	spaces for expression, workshops, audiences
identity	sense of belonging, self- esteem, consistency	language, religions, work, customs, values, norms	get to know oneself, grow, commit oneself	places one belongs to, everyday settings
freedom	autonomy, passion, self-esteem, open-mindedness	equal rights	dissent, choose, run risks, develop awareness	anywhere

Categorising Commons

For various typologies see
- Introduction to the P2P Foundation Wiki Material about the Commons#Typology
- Introduction to the P2P Foundation Wiki Material about the Commons#Visualization

Key Resources

Graphic: Choosing the Right Form of Common Property
Infra-Demos: "infra-demos is an anthropological project studying the crisis in the existing infrastructural models and the emergence of new participatory ones in Greece.

Articles

Brett Frischmann, "An Economic Theory of Infrastructure and Commons Management, (89 Minnesota Law Review 4, April 2005)

URL = http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=588424;

Brett Frischmann, a professor at Loyola University Chicago School of Law has published an essay that is “a rigorous, clear-headed explanation of the economic and social benefits of commons-based infrastructures":

“The basic problem with relying on markets to allocate access to common assets, Frischmann explains, is that the market mechanism exhibits a bias for outputs that generate observable and appropriable returns at the expense of outputs that generate positive externalities"

(Commentary from On the Commons blog, at http://onthecommons.org/node/613;
a bio on the author at http://www.luc.edu/law/faculty/frischmann.shtml)

Berlant, Lauren. 2016. ‘The Commons: Infrastructures for Troubling Times*’. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 34 (3): 393–419. doi:10.1177/0263775816645989.

Jarvis, Helen. 2017. ‘Sharing, Togetherness and Intentional Degrowth’. Progress in Human Geography, December, 0309132517746519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517746519.