Experts

Typology

Tim Hayward:

"Five quite distinct kinds of expert have been differentiated by Stephen Turner (Citation2014) according to what we might describe as their different audiences or user constituencies:

Experts whose expertise is generally acknowledged by everyone in a society (doctors, physicists);

Experts whose personal expertise is acknowledged by certain individuals (like authors of self-help books, consultants, etc.);

Experts who are members of groups that are the only ones who acknowledge their expertise (theologians whose authority is recognised only by the members of the same sect);

Experts whose audience is the public, but who are supported by influential parties interested in the acceptance of their opinions (members of think tanks, researchers paid by private foundations with a political agenda);

Experts whose audience are bureaucracies with discretionary powers, who appoint themselves the experts on a specific administrative question and then implement the proposed solutions by selecting them through criteria and procedures that are typical of the bureaucratic decision making system. (from summary by Origgi Citation2015, 161)"

(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02691728.2023.2227950#abstract)