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* Food production
* Food production
* Helps level socioeconomic differences by providing food
* Helps level socioeconomic differences by providing food
* Improve public health  
* Improve public health
* Foster community and supportive relationships by providing a community gathering place, and shared projects  
* Foster community and supportive relationships by providing a community gathering place, and shared projects
* Being at Home: Noise insulation; Aesthetically pleasing  
* Being at Home: Noise insulation; Aesthetically pleasing




=== Resources ===
=== Resources ===


Air and Atmosphere:  
Air and Atmosphere:
* Filter air pollutants
* Filter air pollutants
* Improves atmosphere quality
* Improves atmosphere quality
Line 21: Line 21:


Water:
Water:
* Reduce storm water run-off
* Reduce storm water run-off
* Decreases risk of flooding  
* Decreases risk of flooding


Urban Land:
Urban Land:
* Gives a purpose to unused space
* Gives a purpose to unused space
* Frees up ground space for other uses  
* Frees up ground space for other uses


Energy
Energy
* Insulate buildings to reduce climate control cost  
* Insulate buildings to reduce climate control cost
* Saves money on roof wear and tear  
* Saves money on roof wear and tear
* Cools area by reducing area that reflects sunlight  
* Cools area by reducing area that reflects sunlight
* Cools area because plants absorb less heat
* Cools area because plants absorb less heat


Biological Resources
Biological Resources
* Habitat for wildlife  
* Habitat for wildlife
* Increases biodiversity  
* Increases biodiversity


Urban built infrastructure  
Urban built infrastructure
* Provides new uses for old buildings
* Provides new uses for old buildings


== Problems of Food Security ==
== Problems of Food Security ==


There is a significant need for fresh produce in many urban areas  
There is a significant need for fresh produce in many urban areas
across the globe. Locally grown produce has many benefits not only because  
across the globe. Locally grown produce has many benefits not only because
it can reduce preservation and transportation costs, but also because it  
it can reduce preservation and transportation costs, but also because it
provides the same nutritional content without all of the harmful effects on  
provides the same nutritional content without all of the harmful effects on
the environment. With the population growing significantly, more food will  
the environment. With the population growing significantly, more food will
need to be produced on less land as people use more land to live on.  
need to be produced on less land as people use more land to live on.
Instead of expanding on conventional farming practices that strip the soil of  
Instead of expanding on conventional farming practices that strip the soil of
its nutrients and rely on modified food that is mass-produced, there are other  
its nutrients and rely on modified food that is mass-produced, there are other
options, such as rooftop gardens, community and personal gardens, and  
options, such as rooftop gardens, community and personal gardens, and
vertical farming. These practices create a greater accessibility to food,  
vertical farming. These practices create a greater accessibility to food,
promote lower costs for food production, and lessen the negative  
promote lower costs for food production, and lessen the negative
environmental impact. Allowing individuals who live in urban areas to have  
environmental impact. Allowing individuals who live in urban areas to have
access to sustainable, locally grown food promotes fair access to  
access to sustainable, locally grown food promotes fair access to
healthy food, can create jobs and fosters a sense of unity in the community.
healthy food, can create jobs and fosters a sense of unity in the community.
A significant number of households in the United States lack food security, meaning  
A significant number of households in the United States lack food security, meaning
they do not have assured access to an adequate food supply. Even though there is enough  
they do not have assured access to an adequate food supply. Even though there is enough
food produced to feed everyone, it is often distributed in such a way that some people go  
food produced to feed everyone, it is often distributed in such a way that some people go
hungry. Because much of the food produced for the U.S. is wasted, an important point is  
hungry. Because much of the food produced for the U.S. is wasted, an important point is
to allow people to take control of their food. A good way to do this is to grow it yourself.  
to allow people to take control of their food. A good way to do this is to grow it yourself.


All over the world, people are living in areas without access to adequate food supply.  This food insecurity is sometimes due to lack of financial resources to acquire food, but is also sometimes due to lack of access geographically to food. Urban areas often do not have adequate farmers’ markets or health food stores, leaving many people to rely on convenience stores if they do not have transportation to another area.  
All over the world, people are living in areas without access to adequate food supply.  This food insecurity is sometimes due to lack of financial resources to acquire food, but is also sometimes due to lack of access geographically to food. Urban areas often do not have adequate farmers’ markets or health food stores, leaving many people to rely on convenience stores if they do not have transportation to another area.


Access to healthier food would increase the productivity of children in society because students who are  
Access to healthier food would increase the productivity of children in society because students who are
properly nourished do better in school.  This would also promote general health because the community would be getting the nutrients necessary to sustain life in a natural and healthy way. This is not possible for many people living in urban areas. Because of this, there are some areas with more than enough food while others are forced to live off processed food with little nutritional value, or to go hungry. In an article  
properly nourished do better in school.  This would also promote general health because the community would be getting the nutrients necessary to sustain life in a natural and healthy way. This is not possible for many people living in urban areas. Because of this, there are some areas with more than enough food while others are forced to live off processed food with little nutritional value, or to go hungry. In an article
titled “Can the World Feed 10 Billion people?,” Patel sums the problem up nicely when he says,  “humanity  
titled “Can the World Feed 10 Billion people?,” Patel sums the problem up nicely when he says,  “humanity
produces  enough food to feed everyone but, because of the way we distribute it, there are still a billion hungry.”  
produces  enough food to feed everyone but, because of the way we distribute it, there are still a billion hungry.”


We see a lot of people living in [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-desert-locator/go-to-the-locator.aspx food deserts even in the United States]. These are places where individuals do not have access to adequate food because of their living situation. In the book, "Categorically  Unequal,"  Massey describes how many people lack access to quality food. This is where sustainable food systems can really help.  With proper education and support more people could  grow their own food, which would not only put less pressure on large farms, but it would also eliminate a lot of our transportation and packaging needs. While growing food may not be accessible option for some parts of  
We see a lot of people living in [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-desert-locator/go-to-the-locator.aspx food deserts even in the United States]. These are places where individuals do not have access to adequate food because of their living situation. In the book, "Categorically  Unequal,"  Massey describes how many people lack access to quality food. This is where sustainable food systems can really help.  With proper education and support more people could  grow their own food, which would not only put less pressure on large farms, but it would also eliminate a lot of our transportation and packaging needs. While growing food may not be accessible option for some parts of
the world,  due to climate or resource constraints, it seems like it would be a solution that  could help a good portion of people get more food.  
the world,  due to climate or resource constraints, it seems like it would be a solution that  could help a good portion of people get more food.


The main scarcity when it comes to food in urban areas of industrialized countries is not the quantity, but the accessibility of  
The main scarcity when it comes to food in urban areas of industrialized countries is not the quantity, but the accessibility of
quality.  While many people may have access to cheap food that is easy to eat, many either do not have  
quality.  While many people may have access to cheap food that is easy to eat, many either do not have
access to healthy options, or do not feel they have the time to prepare these options.  With  progressive  
access to healthy options, or do not feel they have the time to prepare these options.  With  progressive
urban farming techniques, not only will  people have greater  access because it can be right where they  
urban farming techniques, not only will  people have greater  access because it can be right where they
live, they will also be eating quality, natural food.  
live, they will also be eating quality, natural food.
Even though the amount of food produced in increasing faster than  
Even though the amount of food produced in increasing faster than
population, the number of malnourished individuals is also increasing  
population, the number of malnourished individuals is also increasing
(according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization).
(according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization).


== Approach to creating greater abundance ==
== Approach to creating greater abundance ==


Perhaps the easiest way to create a greater abundance of food is to grow more of it, where it is needed. The main limitation with this is that not everyone knows how to grow their own food. This is where the commons system is so beneficial.  By sharing knowledge and resources, more people can have access to healthy food.  If  a community can work together to create a garden, they can split the time and work  
Perhaps the easiest way to create a greater abundance of food is to grow more of it, where it is needed. The main limitation with this is that not everyone knows how to grow their own food. This is where the commons system is so beneficial.  By sharing knowledge and resources, more people can have access to healthy food.  If  a community can work together to create a garden, they can split the time and work
needed to produce a successful harvest of food while still achieving the benefits.  
needed to produce a successful harvest of food while still achieving the benefits.
 
One way to do this is through rooftop gardens. Any building with an accessible flat roof can be turned into a garden to provide food for its inhabitants. If you have enough time and resources, you can actually prepare the entire roof with a layer of soil, leaving walkways. This is not always the most practical, but
an easy compromise is to use raised beds. This allows you to easily control the size of the planting areas  without compromising convenience.  This also allows the bed to drain properly. By constructing open-top boxes, preferably made of recycled wood or other materials, you have an easy location to grow any
kind of crop. If that does not seem to be feasible, many people reuse old kiddie pools instead of building new containers.


One way to do this is through rooftop gardens. Any building with an accessible flat roof can be turned into a garden to provide food for its inhabitants. If you have enough time and resources, you can actually prepare the entire roof with a layer of soil, leaving walkways. This is not always the most practical, but
an easy compromise is to use raised beds. This allows you to easily control the size of the planting areas  without compromising convenience.  This also allows the bed to drain properly. By constructing open-top boxes, preferably made of recycled wood or other materials, you have an easy location to grow any
kind of crop. If that does not seem to be feasible, many people reuse old kiddie pools instead of building new containers.
   
(http://offgridworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vertical-farm10.jpg)                      (http://media-cache lt0.pinterest.com/upload/155937205818052575_Z90BEmcV_c.jpg)
(http://offgridworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vertical-farm10.jpg)                      (http://media-cache lt0.pinterest.com/upload/155937205818052575_Z90BEmcV_c.jpg)


Line 96: Line 96:
== Success Stories ==
== Success Stories ==


=== Via Verde in the Bronx, New York City ===  
=== Via Verde in the Bronx, New York City ===
 
 
This housing development in NYC  
This housing development in NYC
provides affordable and co-op housing to  
provides affordable and co-op housing to
the community. This was created to  
the community. This was created to
promote community health by providing  
promote community health by providing
accessibility to healthier foods. GrowNYC  
accessibility to healthier foods. GrowNYC
is the organization that helped to provide  
is the organization that helped to provide
the resources for this endeavor and works  
the resources for this endeavor and works
to teach residents how to manage the  
to teach residents how to manage the
garden on their own. The rooftop garden  
garden on their own. The rooftop garden
also holds solar panels that contribute to  
also holds solar panels that contribute to
some of the building's electricity needs.  
some of the building's electricity needs.
The garden not only provides a community  
The garden not only provides a community
gathering space and food to the tenants,  
gathering space and food to the tenants,
but it also helps to insulate the building,  
but it also helps to insulate the building,
meaning that less energy is used to heat  
meaning that less energy is used to heat
and cool the apartments.  
and cool the apartments.
 


=== 909 Walnut- Kansas City ===


=== 909 Walnut- Kansas City ===
This apartment complex in Kansas City
                   
provides upscale accommodations and
This apartment complex in Kansas City  
living facilities in the way of 161 condos.
provides upscale accommodations and  
Stable financial backing makes it possible
living facilities in the way of 161 condos.  
for even those with less money to rent
Stable financial backing makes it possible  
these. An attached garage provides parking
for even those with less money to rent  
and a 16,000 square foot community
these. An attached garage provides parking  
rooftop garden for residents. This project
and a 16,000 square foot community  
received the 2008 award for Green Roofs
rooftop garden for residents. This project  
for Healthy Cities, Award Of Excellence.
received the 2008 award for Green Roofs  
for Healthy Cities, Award Of Excellence.  




=== Mercer Street Parking Garage- Seattle, Washington ===  
=== Mercer Street Parking Garage- Seattle, Washington ===


A program called UpGarden is  
A program called UpGarden is
working to provide Uptown Seattle with  
working to provide Uptown Seattle with
community gardens. The Mercer Parking  
community gardens. The Mercer Parking
Garage prior to the 1962 World's Fair to  
Garage prior to the 1962 World's Fair to
house travelers. This unused space was  
house travelers. This unused space was
converted into a garden with special care  
converted into a garden with special care
given to use lightweight soils and building  
given to use lightweight soils and building
materials to respect the structural integrity  
materials to respect the structural integrity
of the complex. People are continuing to  
of the complex. People are continuing to
experiment with different crops, but have  
experiment with different crops, but have
had a lot of success growing cherry  
had a lot of success growing cherry
tomatoes, sweet corn, and herbs, among  
tomatoes, sweet corn, and herbs, among
other things.
other things.


[http://www.flickr.com/photos/earthfixteam/7890385498/ Picture of the UpGarden]
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/earthfixteam/7890385498/ Picture of the UpGarden]


=== East District: Hong Kong ===  
=== East District: Hong Kong ===


A farmer in Hong Kong rents garden  
A farmer in Hong Kong rents garden
beds on the rooftop of an office building in a  
beds on the rooftop of an office building in a
place with very little ground-level green  
place with very little ground-level green
spaces. Because many people in lower classes  
spaces. Because many people in lower classes
are being forced into desk jobs from  
are being forced into desk jobs from
agricultural ones, the need for a  
agricultural ones, the need for a
transformation of farming is clear. Various of  
transformation of farming is clear. Various of
these rooftop gardeners in Hong Kong are  
these rooftop gardeners in Hong Kong are
striving to convince politicians for more  
striving to convince politicians for more
funding. Because land is so expensive,  
funding. Because land is so expensive,
rooftop gardens seem to be a viable  
rooftop gardens seem to be a viable
alternative for producing food and fostering  
alternative for producing food and fostering
community.  
community.


== Links ==
== Links ==


The following links may provide more information in terms of solutions that involve
The following links provide more information useful for urban gardeners:
creating a greater abundance of food:  
*[http://www.tulanecitycenter.org/programs/projects/files/Urban%20Farming%20Toolkit%20(for%20web).pdf Tulane City Center, Urban Gardening Toolkit].  A good place to start.
* [http://www.tulanecitycenter.org/programs/projects/files/Urban%20Farming%20Toolkit%20(for%20web).pdf Tulane City Center, Urban Gardening Toolkit].  A good place to start.  
* [http://www.communitygarden.org/learn/starting-a-community-garden.php American Community Gardening Association, Starting a Community Garden]. A step-by-step procedure for planning and building a community garden
* [http://www.communitygarden.org/learn/starting-a-community-garden.php American Community Gardening Association, Starting a Community Garden]. A step-by-step procedure for planning and building a community garden
* [http://www.urbanfarmonline.com/?navm=tophome Urbanfarm Online]. An online magazine and network for urban farming in the United States.
* Steven Garasky, Lois Wright Morton, and Kimberley Greder. 2004. [http://www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/Food%20Insecurity.pdf The Food Environment and Food Insecurity: Perceptions of Rural, Suburban and Urban Food Pantry Clients in Iowa]. ''Family Economics and Nutrition Review'' 16 (2): 41-48.
* National Gardening Association. [http://www.garden.org/foodguide/browse Food Gardening Guide].
* [http://foodsecurity.uchicago.edu/research/community-gardens-2/ Community Gardens]. A 2012 paper from the "Calumet Quarter," a course on food security at the University of Chicago, taught by Professor Kathleen Morrison. It discusses urban community gardens in relation to food security, crime rates, and sense of community. 
* Rachel Nugent. [http://wentfishing.net/farmlit/Theme3.pdf The Impact of Urban Agriculture on the Household and Local Economies]. 
* Jesse DuBois. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jpmLiGz4gk The Urban Farming Revolution]. TEDx talk, 2011, on the “urban farming revolution” in Los Angeles. 
* [http://www.urbanfarmonline.com/?navm=tophome Urbanfarm Online]. An online magazine and network for urban farming in the United States.  
* National Gardening Association. [http://www.garden.org/foodguide/browse Food Gardening Guide].
* [http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/growninthecity/22664/5-questions-dr-nevin-cohen-five-borough-farm-project-food-systems-academia-and- The Future of Urban Agriculture], interview of Nevin Cohen, by the Sustainable Cities Collective 
* Rabbi Shmuel Simenowitz, “[http://www.torahcafe.com/rabbi-shmuel-simenowitz/urban-farming-and-social-justice-video_eb4c2e918.html Urban Farming and Social Justice].” Short video; Jewish perspective on urban farming and sustainability. 
* Huffington Post. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/31/8-rooftop-gardens-from-ar_n_268573.html 8 Rooftop Gardens From Around the World]. 
* Job Ebenezer. [http://www.technologyforthepoor.com/UrbanAgriculture/Garden.htm A Guide to Container Gardens].
* Job Ebenezer. [http://www.technologyforthepoor.com/UrbanAgriculture/Garden.htm A Guide to Container Gardens].
* Wietse Briunsma and Marielle Dubbeling. 1998. [http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/ua-rg.pdf Resource Guide on Urban Agriculture]. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation and ETC Netherlands. An international compilation of organizations supporting urban agriculture and relevant research.
* Wietse Briunsma and Marielle Dubbeling. 1998. [http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/ua-rg.pdf Resource Guide on Urban Agriculture]. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation and ETC Netherlands. An international compilation of organizations supporting urban agriculture and relevant research.
A blog on urban farming, and an interview with the blogger
* [http://www.urbanfoodpolicy.com/ Urban Food Policy]. A blog by Nevin Cohen, Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies at The New School (New York)
* [http://www.urbanfoodpolicy.com/ Urban Food Policy]. A blog by Nevin Cohen, Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies at The New School (New York)
* [http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/growninthecity/22664/5-questions-dr-nevin-cohen-five-borough-farm-project-food-systems-academia-and- The Future of Urban Agriculture], interview of Nevin Cohen, by the Sustainable Cities Collective
Two videos
* Jesse DuBois. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jpmLiGz4gk The Urban Farming Revolution]. TEDx talk, 2011, on the “urban farming revolution” in Los Angeles.
* Rabbi Shmuel Simenowitz, “[http://www.torahcafe.com/rabbi-shmuel-simenowitz/urban-farming-and-social-justice-video_eb4c2e918.html Urban Farming and Social Justice].” Short video; Jewish perspective on urban farming and sustainability.
* Huffington Post. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/31/8-rooftop-gardens-from-ar_n_268573.html 8 Rooftop Gardens From Around the World].


== Literature ==
== Literature ==


Campbell, Katie. 30 Aug. 2012. [http://earthfix.opb.org/communities/article/first-rooftop-community-garden-seattle/ "Seattlites Learn What Will Grow in the Nation's First Rooftop Community Garden," Oregon Public Broadcasting EarthFix."]  
Calumet Quarter. [http://foodsecurity.uchicago.edu/research/community-gardens-2/ Community Gardens]. A 2012 paper from the "Calumet Quarter," a course on food security at the University of Chicago, taught by Professor Kathleen Morrison. It discusses urban community gardens in relation to food security, crime rates, and sense of community.
 
Campbell, Katie. 30 Aug. 2012. [http://earthfix.opb.org/communities/article/first-rooftop-community-garden-seattle/ "Seattlites Learn What Will Grow in the Nation's First Rooftop Community Garden," Oregon Public Broadcasting EarthFix."]
 
Drescher, Axel, Petra Jacobi and Joerg Amend. 2000. [http://www.ruaf.org/node/106 "Urban Food Security: Urban agriculture, a response to crisis?"] UA [Urban Agriculture] Magazine.


Drescher, Axel, Petra Jacobi and Joerg Amend. 2000. [http://www.ruaf.org/node/106 "Urban Food Security: Urban agriculture, a response to crisis?"] UA [Urban Agriculture] Magazine.  
Garasky, Steven; Lois Wright Morton, and Kimberley Greder. 2004. [http://www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/Food%20Insecurity.pdf The Food Environment and Food Insecurity: Perceptions of Rural, Suburban and Urban Food Pantry Clients in Iowa]. ''Family Economics and Nutrition Review'' 16 (2): 41-48.


Goodwin, Craig. [http://www.yearofplenty.org/2011/06/rooftop-community-gardens-sprouting-on-rooftops-in-hong-kong.html "Community Gardens Sprouting on Rooftops in Hong Kong."] Year of Plenty. N.p., 29 June 2011.  
Goodwin, Craig. [http://www.yearofplenty.org/2011/06/rooftop-community-gardens-sprouting-on-rooftops-in-hong-kong.html "Community Gardens Sprouting on Rooftops in Hong Kong."] Year of Plenty. N.p., 29 June 2011.


Gottlieb, Benjamin. [http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/28/hongkong.urban.farming/index.html?section=cnn_latest "Crops out of Concrete: Farming Hong Kong's Urban Island."] CNN. Cable News  
Gottlieb, Benjamin. [http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/28/hongkong.urban.farming/index.html?section=cnn_latest "Crops out of Concrete: Farming Hong Kong's Urban Island."] CNN. Cable News
Network, 29 June 2011.  
Network, 29 June 2011.


Gregor, Alison. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/realestate/healthier-eating-starts-on-the-roof.html Healthier Eating Starts on the Roof]." The New York Times. 08  
Gregor, Alison. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/realestate/healthier-eating-starts-on-the-roof.html Healthier Eating Starts on the Roof]." The New York Times. 08
Apr. 5, 2012.
Apr. 5, 2012.


Hampwaye, G.; Nel, E. and Ingombe, L. 2009. [http://cloud2.gdnet.org/cms.php?id=research_paper_abstract&research_paper_id=15739 The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia]. Global Development  
Hampwaye, G.; Nel, E. and Ingombe, L. 2009. [http://cloud2.gdnet.org/cms.php?id=research_paper_abstract&research_paper_id=15739 The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia]. Global Development
Network. United Nations Development Programme, GDN Library Working Paper Series.  
Network. United Nations Development Programme, GDN Library Working Paper Series.


Massey, Douglas S. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell  
Massey, Douglas S. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell
Sage Foundation, 2007.  
Sage Foundation, 2007.


Nugent, Rachel. [http://wentfishing.net/farmlit/Theme3.pdf "The Impact of Urban Agriculture on the Household and Urban Economies."] Thematic Paper 3: 67-97.
Nugent, Rachel. [http://wentfishing.net/farmlit/Theme3.pdf "The Impact of Urban Agriculture on the Household and Urban Economies."] Thematic Paper 3: 67-97.


Patel, Raj. "[http://rajpatel.org/2011/05/04/can-the-world-feed-10-billion-people/ Can the World Feed 10 Billion People?]" rajpatel.org, May 4, 2011.  
Patel, Raj. "[http://rajpatel.org/2011/05/04/can-the-world-feed-10-billion-people/ Can the World Feed 10 Billion People?]" rajpatel.org, May 4, 2011.


Zelman, Joanna. "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/12/farm-bill-2012-innovative-farming_n_860069.html Farm Bill 2012: Time For An Overhaul With Innovative Farming Systems]."  
Zelman, Joanna. "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/12/farm-bill-2012-innovative-farming_n_860069.html Farm Bill 2012: Time For An Overhaul With Innovative Farming Systems]."
Huffington Post, 12 May 2011.  
Huffington Post, 12 May 2011.




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[[NORA Commons Resource Model|Back to NORA main page]]
[[NORA Commons Resource Model|Back to NORA main page]]


 
[[Category:Commons Abundance Network]]
[[Category: Commons Abundance Network]]
 
[[Category:Agrifood]]
[[Category:Agrifood]]

Latest revision as of 15:02, 4 March 2013

Initial Version (January 28, 2013) by Sarah Bussen, student at Truman State University


Context within NORA

Needs

  • Food production
  • Helps level socioeconomic differences by providing food
  • Improve public health
  • Foster community and supportive relationships by providing a community gathering place, and shared projects
  • Being at Home: Noise insulation; Aesthetically pleasing


Resources

Air and Atmosphere:

  • Filter air pollutants
  • Improves atmosphere quality
  • More plants to reduce CO2 levels

Water:

  • Reduce storm water run-off
  • Decreases risk of flooding

Urban Land:

  • Gives a purpose to unused space
  • Frees up ground space for other uses

Energy

  • Insulate buildings to reduce climate control cost
  • Saves money on roof wear and tear
  • Cools area by reducing area that reflects sunlight
  • Cools area because plants absorb less heat

Biological Resources

  • Habitat for wildlife
  • Increases biodiversity

Urban built infrastructure

  • Provides new uses for old buildings

Problems of Food Security

There is a significant need for fresh produce in many urban areas across the globe. Locally grown produce has many benefits not only because it can reduce preservation and transportation costs, but also because it provides the same nutritional content without all of the harmful effects on the environment. With the population growing significantly, more food will need to be produced on less land as people use more land to live on. Instead of expanding on conventional farming practices that strip the soil of its nutrients and rely on modified food that is mass-produced, there are other options, such as rooftop gardens, community and personal gardens, and vertical farming. These practices create a greater accessibility to food, promote lower costs for food production, and lessen the negative environmental impact. Allowing individuals who live in urban areas to have access to sustainable, locally grown food promotes fair access to healthy food, can create jobs and fosters a sense of unity in the community. A significant number of households in the United States lack food security, meaning they do not have assured access to an adequate food supply. Even though there is enough food produced to feed everyone, it is often distributed in such a way that some people go hungry. Because much of the food produced for the U.S. is wasted, an important point is to allow people to take control of their food. A good way to do this is to grow it yourself.

All over the world, people are living in areas without access to adequate food supply. This food insecurity is sometimes due to lack of financial resources to acquire food, but is also sometimes due to lack of access geographically to food. Urban areas often do not have adequate farmers’ markets or health food stores, leaving many people to rely on convenience stores if they do not have transportation to another area.

Access to healthier food would increase the productivity of children in society because students who are properly nourished do better in school. This would also promote general health because the community would be getting the nutrients necessary to sustain life in a natural and healthy way. This is not possible for many people living in urban areas. Because of this, there are some areas with more than enough food while others are forced to live off processed food with little nutritional value, or to go hungry. In an article titled “Can the World Feed 10 Billion people?,” Patel sums the problem up nicely when he says, “humanity produces enough food to feed everyone but, because of the way we distribute it, there are still a billion hungry.”

We see a lot of people living in food deserts even in the United States. These are places where individuals do not have access to adequate food because of their living situation. In the book, "Categorically Unequal," Massey describes how many people lack access to quality food. This is where sustainable food systems can really help. With proper education and support more people could grow their own food, which would not only put less pressure on large farms, but it would also eliminate a lot of our transportation and packaging needs. While growing food may not be accessible option for some parts of the world, due to climate or resource constraints, it seems like it would be a solution that could help a good portion of people get more food.

The main scarcity when it comes to food in urban areas of industrialized countries is not the quantity, but the accessibility of quality. While many people may have access to cheap food that is easy to eat, many either do not have access to healthy options, or do not feel they have the time to prepare these options. With progressive urban farming techniques, not only will people have greater access because it can be right where they live, they will also be eating quality, natural food. Even though the amount of food produced in increasing faster than population, the number of malnourished individuals is also increasing (according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization).

Approach to creating greater abundance

Perhaps the easiest way to create a greater abundance of food is to grow more of it, where it is needed. The main limitation with this is that not everyone knows how to grow their own food. This is where the commons system is so beneficial. By sharing knowledge and resources, more people can have access to healthy food. If a community can work together to create a garden, they can split the time and work needed to produce a successful harvest of food while still achieving the benefits.

One way to do this is through rooftop gardens. Any building with an accessible flat roof can be turned into a garden to provide food for its inhabitants. If you have enough time and resources, you can actually prepare the entire roof with a layer of soil, leaving walkways. This is not always the most practical, but an easy compromise is to use raised beds. This allows you to easily control the size of the planting areas without compromising convenience. This also allows the bed to drain properly. By constructing open-top boxes, preferably made of recycled wood or other materials, you have an easy location to grow any kind of crop. If that does not seem to be feasible, many people reuse old kiddie pools instead of building new containers.

(http://offgridworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vertical-farm10.jpg) (http://media-cache lt0.pinterest.com/upload/155937205818052575_Z90BEmcV_c.jpg)


Success Stories

Via Verde in the Bronx, New York City

This housing development in NYC provides affordable and co-op housing to the community. This was created to promote community health by providing accessibility to healthier foods. GrowNYC is the organization that helped to provide the resources for this endeavor and works to teach residents how to manage the garden on their own. The rooftop garden also holds solar panels that contribute to some of the building's electricity needs. The garden not only provides a community gathering space and food to the tenants, but it also helps to insulate the building, meaning that less energy is used to heat and cool the apartments.


909 Walnut- Kansas City

This apartment complex in Kansas City provides upscale accommodations and living facilities in the way of 161 condos. Stable financial backing makes it possible for even those with less money to rent these. An attached garage provides parking and a 16,000 square foot community rooftop garden for residents. This project received the 2008 award for Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, Award Of Excellence.


Mercer Street Parking Garage- Seattle, Washington

A program called UpGarden is working to provide Uptown Seattle with community gardens. The Mercer Parking Garage prior to the 1962 World's Fair to house travelers. This unused space was converted into a garden with special care given to use lightweight soils and building materials to respect the structural integrity of the complex. People are continuing to experiment with different crops, but have had a lot of success growing cherry tomatoes, sweet corn, and herbs, among other things.

Picture of the UpGarden

East District: Hong Kong

A farmer in Hong Kong rents garden beds on the rooftop of an office building in a place with very little ground-level green spaces. Because many people in lower classes are being forced into desk jobs from agricultural ones, the need for a transformation of farming is clear. Various of these rooftop gardeners in Hong Kong are striving to convince politicians for more funding. Because land is so expensive, rooftop gardens seem to be a viable alternative for producing food and fostering community.

Links

The following links provide more information useful for urban gardeners:


A blog on urban farming, and an interview with the blogger


Two videos


Literature

Calumet Quarter. Community Gardens. A 2012 paper from the "Calumet Quarter," a course on food security at the University of Chicago, taught by Professor Kathleen Morrison. It discusses urban community gardens in relation to food security, crime rates, and sense of community.

Campbell, Katie. 30 Aug. 2012. "Seattlites Learn What Will Grow in the Nation's First Rooftop Community Garden," Oregon Public Broadcasting EarthFix."

Drescher, Axel, Petra Jacobi and Joerg Amend. 2000. "Urban Food Security: Urban agriculture, a response to crisis?" UA [Urban Agriculture] Magazine.

Garasky, Steven; Lois Wright Morton, and Kimberley Greder. 2004. The Food Environment and Food Insecurity: Perceptions of Rural, Suburban and Urban Food Pantry Clients in Iowa. Family Economics and Nutrition Review 16 (2): 41-48.

Goodwin, Craig. "Community Gardens Sprouting on Rooftops in Hong Kong." Year of Plenty. N.p., 29 June 2011.

Gottlieb, Benjamin. "Crops out of Concrete: Farming Hong Kong's Urban Island." CNN. Cable News Network, 29 June 2011.

Gregor, Alison. "Healthier Eating Starts on the Roof." The New York Times. 08 Apr. 5, 2012.

Hampwaye, G.; Nel, E. and Ingombe, L. 2009. The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia. Global Development Network. United Nations Development Programme, GDN Library Working Paper Series.

Massey, Douglas S. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007.

Nugent, Rachel. "The Impact of Urban Agriculture on the Household and Urban Economies." Thematic Paper 3: 67-97.

Patel, Raj. "Can the World Feed 10 Billion People?" rajpatel.org, May 4, 2011.

Zelman, Joanna. "Farm Bill 2012: Time For An Overhaul With Innovative Farming Systems." Huffington Post, 12 May 2011.


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