View source for Seven Basic Epistemological Perspectives

'''* Article: Seven Perspectives. C. George Boeree.'''

Available at https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/sevenpersp.html

Online essay outlining seven basic epistemological perspectives, i.e. 'ways of seeing / interpreting the world'

== Typology ==

From the reading notes of Michel Bauwens, 2004:

===1. Autistic Perspective===

Infants, autistic children, several psychotic adults, everyone when we engage in automatic, instinctive, defensive behaviour
* our own personal subjective perspective is the only one, "everyone sees reality the same way"
* symptoms: belief in magical efficacy, animism

===2. Authoritarian perspective===

Most children, adults in highly structured traditional societies 
* There are other perspectives, but only one social reality, and those that do not  accept it are wrong and have to be made to conform

===3. Rationalistic Perspective===

Children in the 2nd half of elementary school
* truth is objective, and be uncovered by the mind commonalities amongst various perspectives are sought
* symptoms: idealism, argumentation

===4. Mechanistic Perspective===

Adolescents and young adults now; scientists
* seeks universal laws, but not in the mind through logic, but in nature and matter, through empiricism and quantitative laws

===5. The Cybernetic Perspective===

finally accepts both material and non-material realities, both reason and empiricism, but recognizes that the observer influences the observed. Centers around information and modelling rather than cause and effect.

===6. The Epistemic Perspective===
    
ultimate reality cannot be other than the sum of all perspectives, plus much that is unperceived. Sometime called intersubjective, or 'phenomenological'. Full accepts relativity and uncertainty

===7. The Transcendental Perspective===

Attemtps to deconstruct perspectives, mind and self

==Overview of subjective/objective stages==
* 1. autististic and 2. authoritarian = SUBJECTIVE
* 3. rationalistic and 4. mechanistic and 5. cybernetic: OBJECTIVE
* 6. epistemic and 7. transcendental: SUBJECTIVE-OBJECTIVE

==Overview of moral stages==
# Piaget: pre-operational ; Kohlberg: pre-conventional; Bronfenbenner: self-oriented
# Piaget: concrete operations ; Kohlberg: conventional; B: other-oriented
# Piaget: formal operations ; K: stage of universal principle
# Kohlberg: post-conventional ; K:stage of social contract
# Bronfenbenner: objectively oriented
# Perry: idea of commitment

[[Category:Bauwens Reading Notes Project]]
[[Category:Intelligence]]
[[Category:Integral Theory]]